Dttls - Behaviour Management a Reflective Practice

Behaviour Management: A Reflective practice Looking at behaviour management within the classroom has shown that there are many academic theories. These include Geoff Petty, Susan Wallace and Dave Vizzard to name a few. By using these theorists books and additional internet sources it will give me the opportunity to review my own practice, ways to adapt my practice and ways to set ground rules for behaviour. During teacher training sessions and from reading and researching the subject it is clear that it is not easy to manage a classroom full of students. In fact, many factors need to be taken into account when planning strategies to be used. By being pro-active, looking, and analyzing our own practice, it should give us a better†¦show more content†¦One of the best things about this method is that it is easy to apply as a behaviour strategy and it can be differentiated throughout a group. To expand this method it could be encouraged to make it more formal by incorporating a physical graphic representation within the teaching environment e.g. a wall chart showing progression, this method is explained by Vizzard (2007 p44). This will then support student’s improvement and show good practice throughout. The second preferred method is peer pressure. Wallace (2007 p86) states, â€Å"the use of peer pressure to establish quiet will usually be more effective than the teacher trying to impose it on their own† This has worked very well in the past. Peer pressure does not just need to be used as a negative method of behaviour management. We can look at other peer based management methods. Peer assessment can be used as a positive management technique within a workshop for example. Having students critique each other’s practical work can be a very interesting experience. As long as the guidelines are set regarding how they assess the work and it is fair for all to do so, peer-assessing works phenomenally well. A strategy by Biggs (cited by Petty, 2004 p461) has shown that peer assessment can encourage higher attainment. It should be then considered that student’s behaviour would be more positive which should lead to easier management of a group. Though peer

Mahayana Branch of Buddhism - 1114 Words

One branch of Buddhism is Mahayana, which literally means the Great Vehicle. Mahayana can more easily be defined as a loose collection of teachings with large and extensive principles that coexist all together. Mahayana defines itself as penetrating further and more deeply into the Buddhas Dharma, or the way of the Buddha. This practice originates in India, and slowly spread across Asia to countries as China, Japan, Korea through the missionary activities of monks and the support of kings. However, the roots of this religion are still not completely known. In the early views, it was presumed that it was as a separate school. Due to the veneration of Buddha’s , Mahayana was often understood as a more religious, traditional practice of†¦show more content†¦One who engages in this path is called a bodhisattva. Six perfections are traditionally required for bodhisattvas: dÄ na-pÄ ramitÄ  or the perfection of giving Å›Ä «la-pÄ ramitÄ : the perfection on be havior and discipline ká ¹ £Ã„ nti-pÄ ramitÄ : the perfection of forbearance vÄ «rya-pÄ ramitÄ : the perfection of vigor and diligence dhyÄ na-pÄ ramitÄ : the perfection of meditation prajà ±Ã„ -pÄ ramitÄ : the perfection of transcendent wisdom Mahayana teaches that the practitioner will finally realize the attainment of Buddhahood. Images of spiritually powerful and advanced female figures are common in the Mahayana -- Tara, who guides and protects her devotees; Prajnaparamita, who embodies wisdom. Some Mahayana schools employ sexual imagery to symbolize the union of wisdom and skillful means, and the overcoming of oppositions. There is no known founder of Mahayana, although some figures such as a philosopher and monk named Nagarjuna is sometimes accredited as such. However, they actually only founded sub-schools inside the early Mahayana. The central philosophies of Mahayana doctrine are founded on the possibility of universal freedom from suffering for all beings and the existence of Buddha’s and bodhisattvas. Some Mahayana schools simplify the expression of faith by allowing salvation to be alternatively obtained through the grace of Buddha by having faith and devoting oneself to mindfulness of the Buddha. Most Mahayana schools believe in supernaturalShow MoreRelatedBuddhism Breaks Apart Essay example1402 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism Breaks Apart Buddhism is the religion of spiritual enlightenment through the suppressing of one’s worldly desires. Buddhism takes one on the path of a spiritual journey, to become one with their soul. It teaches one how to comprehend life’s mysteries, and to cope with them. Founded in 525 B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama; Theravada Buddhism is the first branch of Buddhism; it was a flourishing religion in India before the invasions by the Huns and the Muslims, and Mahayana Buddhism formedRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Mahayana And Two Major Branches Of Buddhism1281 Words   |  6 Pages In Buddhism, the two major branches are the Theravada and Mahayana. Theravada is known as the â€Å"tradition of the elders.† Mahayana is called the â€Å"large vehicle.† Mahayana Buddhist came about after the first Buddhist council split. The second Buddhist council began a hundred years after the death of the Buddha. The councils came together to discuss the differences i n buddha orders in which some Monks believed. They talked about the true meaning behind the Buddha teachings and certain practices. MonksRead MoreBuddhism Is An Indispensable Element Of Chinese And Formation Of Mahayana Buddhism Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism has been the main religion of china for several thousands of years. In fact, Buddhism is an indispensable element of Chinese philosophy and literature. As we all know, Buddhism originated in India and first spread to China around 100BC. Nevertheless, (Mahayana) Buddhism in China separated itself from the mainstream Buddhism and created a new form of Bodhisattva precept instead of following the Indian Vinaya precept. In fact , the distinct Chinese history and culture played significantRead MoreThe Link Between Mahayana Buddhism And Chinese Culture1476 Words   |  6 Pages The link between Mahayana Buddhism and Chinese Culture Buddhism has been the main religion of china for several thousands of years. In fact, Buddhism is an indispensable element of Chinese philosophy and literature. As we all know, Buddhism originated in India and first spread to China around 100BC. Nevertheless, (Mahayana) Buddhism in China separated itself from the mainstream Buddhism and created a new form of Bodhisattva precept instead of following the Indian Vinaya preceptRead MoreBuddhism And Its Views On Buddhism973 Words   |  4 PagesBuddhism is one of the major religions of the world; it was founded in India and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, Buddha, or the Enlightened One/Awakened One. Buddhism is non-theistic and is not based on any concept of a supreme or one ruling God. A Buddhist approach is a naturalistic one and the sole purpose of the followers is to end or reduce suffering (dukkha) and attain a state of liberation or enlightenment and the freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth (Nirvana). Bu ddhistRead MoreBuddhist Buddhism And Food Of Buddhism1017 Words   |  5 PagesBuddhist Vegetarianism and Foods In China, Buddhism is an ancient religion with numerous followers. Vegetarians are generally regarded as Buddhists because people know that Buddhism is a religion that prohibits eating meat. Buddhism originated in ancient India, which found by a prince of realm called Gautama Buddha in three thousand years ago. (Henry, 2012) It spread to China in the Western Han Dynasty. It not only brought a new religion for China, but also had a profound impact on the vegetarianRead MoreBuddhism, Religion, Traditions, Practices, And Rituals1285 Words   |  6 Pagestheir most essential or absolute value, their position on human beings’ problems and solutions, and their view on life and death within their religion. Pure Land Buddhism (a form of Mahayana Buddhism) and Vaishnavites (a group within Hinduism) are great examples of this very concept. Mahayana Buddhism is one of two branches of Buddhism that follow additional teachings beyond what their divine power Buddha had set into place. In Phillip Novak’s book, The World’s Wisdom, he says, â€Å"Yet there are beingsRead MoreUnderstanding The Distributions Of Religions942 Words   |  4 PagesSouth America, Europe, and Australia. Countries with a Christian majority exist in Africa and Asia as well. There are three major branches of Christianity–Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodoxy. In Europe, Roman Catholicism is the dominant branch in the southwest and east, Protestantism is dominant in the northwest, and Orthodoxy is dominant in the east and southeast. In the Western Hemisphere, nearly 90% of people are Christians. 93% of Latin American Christians are Roman Catholic, but onlyRead MoreBuddhism And Their Beliefs Of Buddhism1518 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism and their beliefs Buddhism is the largest religioncultural influence in its own way. Buddhism is becoming popular and well known in the western parts of the world. Hinduism and Buddhism share the same teaching of karma.They both teach about the cause and effect that karma leaves on one’s life. Buddhism’s main goal is to find enlightment. Siddhartha Gautama is the founder of Buddhism. He was born around 600 B.C. to a powerful family in India. He had a comfortable homewith very little experienceRead MoreEssay about The History and Practice of Buddhism (Mahayana Sect)1023 Words   |  5 PagesThe religion Buddhism came from Buddha’ meaning to awaken. 300 million people around the world are practitioners of Buddhism. In the United States, about one million people serve one form of Buddhism. From Indian, China, Japan, Russia to the United States have practitioners of Buddhism. Siddhartha Gotama known as Buddha was the creator of Buddhism some 2,500 year ago in India. Buddha taught his followers a philosophy teaching a way of life not just a religion. Buddha also taught followers: have

The Pursuit of New Product Development

Questions: Identify the difference between invention and innovation and how innovation can be successfully implemented to achieve growth in an industry? Demonstrate a critical awareness of the different models of innovation and how they apply to an industry case studies? Evaluate the role of systematic risk management in the successful implementation of innovation ? Answers: Introduction The main components of a new product development process are a pathway to customers needs. The new product concept involves generation of new ideas, scientific research on the new product to be implemented. A study on competitors and representatives is also involved in new product development process. The new product concept must be refined and tested in nature as it is a source of revenue for the company. The new product manager must keep things in line from the development process to analysis of risk. There are risks involved in any business and there must be mitigation strategies developed in order to overcome such risks. The new product developed must be marketed in a way most beneficial to the customers or end-users (Annacchino, 2007). Company Background The Coca Cola brand was a secret formula of an Atlanta pharmacist and a design of an Indiana glass company. The Coca Cola Great Britain is a ground of sustainable development. It has introduced Live positively to include supporting activities, healthy living programmes and sustainable programs of reduce, recycle and reuse. The Company also partnered with FIFA World Cup and London 2012 Olympics to promote sustainable games. There are more than 160 low calories and no calorie drinks in the product range. UK sells 39% low or no calorie drinks. An amount of 1.9 billion servings are provided each day and the 400 plus product range has enticed the world. It is the largest Global beverage and soft drink company that has continued to develop, innovate and provide the world with new experience (Britain et al., 2015). Critical Analysis Of Main Components Of New Product Development Process Invention And Innovation A Harvard economist, Joseph Schumpeter brought about a difference in the terms invention and innovation. According to him, an invention is a large theoretical construct that acts as an evidence to prove its implementation in the real world. On the other hand, innovation happens when the invention is put into practice. Innovation is the conversion of theoretical construction into action that proves useful for a business. Innovation is termed as invention plus execution. Another side of the theory is that invention occurs when a new concept is introduced for the first time, while innovation turns the invention into anything real (Gardener, 2009). Innovation is considered as a driver for developing growth. Innovation is a focused and purposeful effort in achieving the economic and social potential. Growth can occur in various ways such as improved service quality, cost reduction, increased turnover, cost avoidance and shorter lead times (Sullivan, 2008). Incremental Innovation can be used in attaining growth. Small changes in the company can be made with existing technologies and business models. Breakthrough Innovations can be made for any significant changes. Critical Awareness Of Innovation Models Innovation plays an important role in the organization. It adopts several concepts and methodologies to implement a successful innovation. Innovation is about having ideas and understanding of consumers needs. The customer needs can be met by several models of innovations as required. The different models of innovation may be in form of Product innovation, process innovation, service innovation or business model innovation. Process innovation can be defined as a change in process to carry out a particular job. It implies doing the task in a better way. Process innovation makes it easy, cheaper and quicker way to run a business. It also increases the sustainability of new product and increase the life span in market. For example, CAD software of Computer Aided Software changed its functions to do things. It made its designs more accurate, faster and cost-effective (Bartel, Ichniowski and Shaw, 2005). Product Innovation is creation of new product in order to meet customer needs and increase profits. The main objective lies in getting customers to buy more amounts of products from the company. Product innovation leads to increase in revenue thereby leading to profitability. This may also be a result of competition with rivals. For example, a new product Coca-Cola Zero was launched as a sugar free coke for men. Several marketing campaigns were designed especially for men that increased sales as a whole (Fosfuri and Giarratana, 2009). Service innovation is defined as an innovation in service to customers. Services are intangible in nature which makes the selling difficult. Service innovation is complimentary to product innovation. It is an add-on to a particular product which attracts more number of customers. For example, Burberry innovated approach for customer satisfaction by introducing services such as e-commerce and content rich experiences. The social media strategies were adopted by the company giving the customers a sense of personalized version of shopping. Business model innovation comprises of changing the structure or model of business. The existing business goes through business reconstruction by changing the ways of business work. For example, an American T-Shirt company, Threadless changed the business structure. They outsource design instead of having their own. People from the world submit their designs in the community. The selected designs from customers makes the designers earn an amount for every design getting selected (Sweeney, 2014) Components Of New Product Development To develop a new product, the design team goes through few phases of research on the consumer perception and behavior and thus innovation is brought. The stage gate model is the use of stages to define the development process. In this case each stage passes through a gate only after validation and confirmation and then proceeds to the next. Hence, these stages are highlighted here (Biazzo, 2009). Concept- it is the idea or the thought on the basis of which a product is developed. It provides some specific benefits to the company and help in achieving technical goals. The concept of introducing the Coca Cola zero was targeting those customers who shy away from the product due to its health effects and high sugar content. Thus, the concept was offering to the customer needs and benefits. Ideation/ Scoping- it is the process where the teams that are involved goes through a rigorous brainstorming process of generating ideas on the methods that would be applied and the innovations that would be needed to benefit the company. The ideas and theories generated are collected and evaluated and the most plausible and effective idea is chosen for further research and application. The idea to develop a zero sugar coke was to make sure that the health conscious people are easily attracted to it and at the same time something innovative is introduced. Design- is the process of executing the best idea and integrated those minute details that will deliver the desired result. The Coca-cola Zero used a new bottle design and marketing activity that will interest the men in particular and the health conscious people in general. Test- it is a very important process as the innovation and new concept is tested in a smaller market before it is released officially. The process finds out the efficiency of the product and whether there is a need for refining the product or concept. The test of a small segment market and with the Diet coke was done, so that Coca cola zero gains a positive market. Release- after the test yields a positive result and confirmation, the product is released and marketed officially among the target audience to achieve sales and business growth. The innovation and product development is successful only when each gate is passed through. A new product development goes through these specific components but it is also fraught with few risks and uncertainties that must be guessed and addressed so that the company succeeds. Potential Risks Involved The new product development process faces a myriad of risks. The several levels of risks are inherent to product, defects in design, manufacturing defects and faults in marketing. The first level risk involves unavoidable risks. The second level implies failure in adherence to new customer needs. The third level includes manufacturing defects. The fourth level comprises of misrepresentation of information or warning about a particular product. The risks involve market risk and financial risk that affect the well being of a company. After summing all these risk factors, the new product development process is initiated and workable solutions are derived. A supply chain risk management may also be conducted to note the faults in the supply chain while reaching the product to consumers (Rainey, 2005). Role Of Systematic Risk Management Systematic Risk management is the identification and assessment of risks. A proper risk management strategy consists of speculation of risk and maximizing the value of management. Risk can be managed in three ways, namely modifying the operations. Adjusting its structure and employing targeted instruments (Sadgrove, 2005). Risk can be managed by avoiding them, sharing and accepting them and controlling them. After choosing any of the management procedures, risk may be managed by terminating, transferring, treating or tolerating (Chew, 2008). The risk management strategies allows in identifying the project strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. The handling of projects success defines identification mitigating and avoiding problems. Systematic risk management is important so as to make a project successful (Systematic Risk Management for the Innovative Enterprise, 2009). The systematic risk management is important because it is not just a process but the tracking of risk can be continued throughout the project of innovation. Risk management and analysis is a mixture of judgment and pragmatism. Risk management helps in tracking risks and the tasks associated with it. It identifies the hindrances that maybe caused during an innovation process. It helps in analyzing the threats or competitors in the market (Derval, 2010). The overall response of the customers due to innovation can be taken into account and mitigation strategies can be framed accordingly. Creation of back-up plans helps in minimizing risk and the losses that can occur in the long run. Risk needs to be managed systematically to ensure long term success by prioritizing the areas that need more attention of the management. The risks that can be avoided are accounted for and designed in a beneficial way (Borghesi, Gaudenzi and Borghesi, 2013) Reflection Benefits And Advantages Derived The Innovation and risk management module provided me with a learning and understanding of the market knowledge. It gave me an idea of the need to address the customers wants. The importance of innovation in the business world to maintain a competitive advantage over other companies is derived. The industrial case study provided me with market knowledge and the challenges faced by companies during innovation process. Critical Examination Of Coca-Cola An industrial analysis was conducted on Coca-Cola for its innovative product Coca-Cola Zero. This product was innovated in the market especially for men as unsweetened beverage. The usual Coca-Cola is sweetened in taste that is consumed by both men and women. It is a popular carbonated drink that was repositioned as official Diet Coke for both men and women. A new model was created for attracting a group of young people (Interactive, 2015). The task involved creating a healthy beverage for which they came up with the idea. The risk involved in the Coca-Cola Zero innovation was mainly in the compromise in taste. The risk also consisted of marketing campaigns and communication strategy. People could be confused with the sub-brand names (the Guardian, 2015). Research Process A market research was conducted on the product innovation process undertaken by Coca Cola. A market research on competitors like Pepsi which innovated a similar innovative product was identified. A product positioning was carried if the new product by Coca-Cola satisfied the customers without a compromise in its taste. A study was made if the consumers switched from other beverage drinks to Coca-Cola. The consumer perceptions and behavior with the brand and new product was analyzed. Various differentiating factors like packaging and marketing were taken into account. Techniques For Research Research was conducted in both primary and secondary sources. A qualitative research like blind test and quantitative research as survey was conducted in order to get a market review on how successful the product was. The target consisted of several respondents of age 18-35 with middle income class. Questionnaire was conducted on the basis of other competitive products that have similar nature. A new set of consumers were also derived who did not consume Coca-Cola because of its sugar content. Getting the product to a healthier version attracted more consumers. The Research and development Team of Coca-Cola ensured the same taste with better health (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2013). The questionnaire also comprised of questions if they were an existing or new customer. During this research, I personally had benefits in knowing the market better. I got an idea of consumers tastes and preferences and the most preferred brands by them in beverage. I preferred conducting quantitative market research rather than qualitative research as it gave a good way of collecting information from a large number of people. The qualitative research also gave an insight to smaller frames of people. The challenges faced were not all people were willing to share a feedback because of their schedules. Another challenge faced by me was not all respondents were consumers for beverage. Few people did not like the taste of the new product. Conclusion Innovation and risk management provides a learning of overall risks in an existing company with risk involvement. The hidden opportunities in a company may be developed. The industrial case study was performed with Coca-Cola. The new product development for Coca-Cola Zero as unsweetened beverage was studied. The risks involved in developing the new product, customer response to the new product and the responsibilities of research and development team was analyzed. The product innovation test went through concept testing on how the team provided a rationale to consumers. Other competitors in the market like Pepsi, Sprite etc were also studied on the basis of similar products. References Annacchino, M. (2007). The pursuit of new product development. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bartel, A., Ichniowski, C. and Shaw, K. (2005). How Does Information Technology Really Affect Productivity? Plant-Level Comparisons of Product Innovation, Process Improvement and Worker Skills. Biazzo, S. (2009). Flexibility, Structuration, and Simultaneity in New Product Development. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 26(3), pp.336-353. Borghesi, A., Gaudenzi, B. and Borghesi, A. (2013). Risk management. Milan: Springer. Britain, G., Us, A., Business, O., Marketing, R., Enterprises, C., Zone, C. and Coke, S. (2015).Homepage | Journey | Coca-Cola Great Britain. [online] Coca-cola.co.uk. Available at: https://www.coca-cola.co.uk/ [Accessed 14 Aug. 2015]. Chew, D. (2008). Corporate risk management. New York: Columbia University Press. Derval, D. (2010). The right sensory mix. Berlin: Springer. Fosfuri, A. and Giarratana, M. (2009). Masters of War: Rivals' Product Innovation and New Advertising in Mature Product Markets. Management Science, 55(2), pp.181-191. Gardener, J. (2009). Innovation and the Future Proof Bank: A Practical Guide to Doing Different Business As-usual. United Kingdom: John Wiley Sons. Interactive, H. (2015). Coca-Cola's decline: The real thing ain't what it used to be. [online] Managementtoday.co.uk. Available at: https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/1334822/coca-cola-crushed-real-thing-aint-used/ [Accessed 28 Jul. 2015]. Pride, W., Hughes, R. and Kapoor, J. (2013). Foundations of business. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Rainey, D. (2005). Product innovation. New York: Cambridge University Press. Sadgrove, K. (2005). The complete guide to business risk management. Aldershot, Hants, England: Gower. Sullivan, O. (2008). Defining Innovation. [online] p.6. Available at: https://www.sagepub.in/upm-data/23137_Chapter_1.pdf. Sweeney, B. (2014). Meet the new Threadless: Fast-growing T-shirt maker Ript Apparel. [online] Crain's Chicago Business. Available at: https://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20140821/NEWS07/140829989/meet-the-new-threadless-fast-growing-t-shirt-maker-ript-apparel [Accessed 28 Jul. 2015]. Systematic Risk Management for the Innovative Enterprise. (2009). 2009 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. the Guardian, (2015). Coca-Cola's marketing shake-up requires a lot of bottle. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2015/mar/06/coca-cola-marketing-unifying-sub-brands [Accessed 28 Jul. 2015].

Unlike Einsteins Essay Example For Students

Unlike Einsteins Essay The knowledge that we value the most is the knowledge for which we can provide the strongest justification. To what extent would you agree with this claim? When asked what the knowledge you value the most is, some might say the knowledge learned has a strong justification, and/or proof. While others may state that, their own inner knowledge and personal beliefs, and what you believe to be right, is the knowledge that they find the most valuable. This might mean that people will not solely rely on knowledge provided in something like a textbook or by a person regarded an intellectual. We will write a custom essay on Unlike Einsteins specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In most cases, people will probably use whatever knowledge that they have previously learned and use it as a base or support of a new way or theory that they may come up with. This essay will focus on two ways of knowing in particular that can influence the knowledge we have and believe to be most valuable; reason, thinking about things that make sense and are proven, and emotion, acting on things or believing in things that are mostly spur of the moment and based mostly on how you are feeling at the time. In areas of knowing there is evidence of both of these ways influencing value, though this differs from subject to subject. The most valuable knowledge in Science, some might say is when we look for something more than what has already been found. Others may believe that the knowledge that has been taught to us via textbooks and teachers, and so is thought to be proven is the most valuable. When in science, experiments are conducted to either prove that someone elses theory is correct, or to see whether or not your own theory, which fundamentally has been based on another persons theory, is correct or makes sense. Many of the great scientists, for example Einstein came up with the theory of relativity, the theory finally emerged by him coming up with a new way of thinking, while still having some previous knowledge of the subject. Einstein, like many scientists, looked at the world in a different way, and tried to find solutions to how things work in our world. And like many scientists, he too had a eureka moment when he was thinking about a way to disprove Newtonian and Maxwellian theories as they contradict each other. He had given up, when he suddenly realised that time can beat at different rates throughout the universe, depending on how fast you moved. Although his theory was originally thought of due to Newton and Maxwells theories, his own theory came from his perception and reasoning. On the other hand, not everyone can come up with their own way on knowing, the majority of people decide to believe in what is shown in textbooks and what has been proven correct. Unlike Einsteins way of discovering solutions, by taking other peoples theories and building on them to develop his own idea, and so making that the most valuable knowledge. A way to show how knowledge that we find most valuable is that of knowledge that can be proven and that has been proven. In Environmental Systems we looked at population, for this subject we looked at the Lincoln index, a method for looking at the population of a single type of species, when doing this youre looking at a small section of a bigger range. This is done so that we can compare the result to information already available to us, proven by other people. In my case, I looked at the population of snails, by first looking at others results and then doing the experiment ourselves; we were able to see the population in a certain type of environment and so could see if the conditions stated in others information affected or not the population of the snails. In my case, when I approach a subject like science, I believe that the knowledge which I value the most is the knowledge given to me by either the textbook or the teacher, and things that I know work. .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f , .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f .postImageUrl , .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f , .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f:hover , .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f:visited , .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f:active { border:0!important; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f:active , .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc3ee83ddeb6c51a5ff46592cfa586a8f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Netflix and Facebook: A Case Study EssayAnd if that is so and I understand how it works, then I dont think it necessary to try and find your own way of knowing. However, this only relates to me, for instance if some of the great scientists of history did not come up with their own knowledge, the knowledge which they most value, then I doubt that I would have the knowledge which I value now. Value, therefore, comes when a scientific idea is meaningful to us, and that meaning comes from experiments. In Maths, like other subjects that are considered reason based areas of knowing, the knowledge which is most valued, for some is the knowledge that can be proven.

Charge Definition and Examples (Physics and Chemistry)

Charge Definition and Examples (Physics and Chemistry) In the context of chemistry and physics, charge usually refers to electric charge, which is a conserved property of certain subatomic particles that determines their electromagnetic interaction. Charge is a physical property that causes matter to experience a force within an electromagnetic field. Electric charges may be positive or negative in nature. If no net electric charge is present, the matter is considered to be neutral or uncharged. Like charges (e.g., two positive charges or two negative charges) repel each other. Dissimilar charges (positive and negative) attract each other. In physics, the term charge may also refer to color charge in the field of quantum chromodynamics. In general, charge refers to a generator of continuous symmetry in a system. Charge Examples in Science By convention, electrons have a charge of -1 while protons have a charge of 1. Another way of indicating charge is for an electron to have a charge of e and a proton to have a charge of e.Quarks possess what is known as color charge.Quarks may possess flavor charges, including charm and strangeness.Although hypothetical, magnetic charge has been postulated for electromagnetism. Units of Electric Charge The proper unit for electric charge is discipline-dependent. In chemistry, a capital letter Q is used to indicate charge in equations, with the elementary charge of an electron (e) as a common unit. The SI derived unit of charge is the coulomb (C). Electrical engineering often uses the unit ampere-hour (Ah) for charge.

A Quiz About Missing Connections

A Quiz About Missing Connections A Quiz About Missing Connections A Quiz About Missing Connections By Mark Nichol Writing is often compromised by a writer’s failure to think a sentence through to its logical conclusion. Often, along the way, a small but crucial word or phrase is omitted that leaves a gap in a parallel construction, thereby contributing to the reader’s confusion. In each sentence below, determine the missing element, then check my revisions at the bottom of the page to see how our solutions compare: 1. â€Å"The corporation runs hydropower plants from Maine to Montana.† 2. â€Å"Because Martinez was so young, it was natural to compare his potential with Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax.† 3. â€Å"If she could, she would travel to Saturn to see the rings as well as other galaxies to see if there is life elsewhere.† 4. â€Å"Remember the sixties dream of an entire meal served in a pill, like the Jetsons?† 5. â€Å"The practice field utilizes the same dirt on the warning track as the team’s home stadium.† Answers and Explanations 1. The impression is that the plants are somehow interconnected in a continuous string from one state to the next, rather than that the plants can be found in various states in and between the two states mentioned. Complete the thought with the addition of a phrase that clarifies that the plants are located intermittently and eliminates the possible misapprehension: â€Å"The corporation runs hydropower plants in many parts of the country, from Maine to Montana.† 2. The comparison should not be described as the one between Martinez’s potential and Sandy Koufax; it should be between the respective potentials of the two men. That distinction is clarified by the addition of two words that indicate the true parallel relationship: â€Å"Because Martinez was so young, it was natural to compare his potential with that of Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax.† 3. As written, the sentence suggests that the subject desires to travel to Saturn to see two features the planets rings and other galaxies – both for the purposes of determining whether life exists elsewhere besides Earth. But the two things she wishes to experience are Saturn’s rings and other galaxies and only in the latter case because she’s curious about the possible existence of extraterrestrial life. This significant misunderstanding is due to one small but important omission: The sentence is missing a preposition before the reference to other galaxies that parallels the one before â€Å"Saturn to see the rings†: â€Å"If she could, she would travel to Saturn to see the rings, as well as to other galaxies to see if there is life elsewhere.† 4. This sentence implies that the Jetsons constituted an entire meal served in a pill. However, the writer is referring to a futuristic idea reminiscent of something that might have appeared, or perhaps did appear, in the 1960s animated television series The Jetsons referring to the program, not the family featured in it and that’s what the sentence should indicate: â€Å"Remember the sixties dream of an entire meal served in a pill, as in The Jetsons?† 5. The suggestion here is that the dirt on the warning track at the practice field is dug up and deposited in the home stadium and that it is shuttled back and forth repeatedly. What the writer means is that the dirt on the practice field’s warning track and the dirt on the home stadium’s warning track are from the same source. This fact must be explicated in such detail, including specifying that the dirt in question at the home stadium is to be found not just generally within the structure, but, more precisely, on its warning track: â€Å"The practice field utilizes the same type of dirt on the warning track as that found on the perimeter of the team’s home stadium.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

Family Therapy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Therapy - Research Paper Example In addition, individual personality traits influence the way members of a social unit interact and relate with one another. As a result of these variables, social scientists acknowledge the fact that family units possess unique characteristics, which influence behavioral conduct and affect family members. With respect to the acknowledgement, psychiatrists and family therapists usually prefer handling family problems in a customized manner. Carr (2012) says that this will ensure objective identification and evaluation of an issue based on social and psychological make-up of involved family members. Nature of the Program This essay involves evaluation of a family therapy program meant to address the issue of Eating Disorder among juveniles, especially teenagers. Eating Disorder is one of the least attended problems affecting school going children in American societies. The problem starts when a teenager feels uncomfortable with his or her increase in body weight. As a result, a juvenil e reverts to negative eating habits, which may include eating less food or even forcefully vomiting after a meal. In the long run, a teenager may develop psychological problems associated with disturbance in eating behavior. According to Heller (2007), teens with eating disorder, especially girls, usually regard their body weight as the main assert for evaluating self worth. As a result, they may decide to take voluminous meals and vomit or take laxative drugs to counteract the caloric effect of the meal. In most family units, teenagers undergo these problems in secret for fear of criticism and victimization by their parents. Physical symptoms of the disorder may include depressive moods, disappearing during or after meals and frequent use of diuretics and laxatives, among others. Therefore, this problem among teenagers calls for intervention using an appropriate family therapy program. How the Program Works In this context, the Eating Disorder therapy program seeks to facilitate un derstanding of the problem among members of a family unit. Mitchell and Grilo (2012) says that the program will provide an avenue through which parents or guarding, siblings and the victim juveniles can acknowledge the causes and effects of the disorder. Upon informed acknowledgement, the therapy will extrapolate on the appropriate courses of actions that will provide short and long term achievements. The program takes into considerations the social and psychological traits of parents and other members of the society. In this case, a therapist can understand why a juvenile avoids detection of the disorder by his or her parents. According to Mitchell and Grilo (2012), common reasons for the secretive behavior may include strict parenting patterns in the family, especially autocratic style of parenting. In the process, parents will acknowledge the need of loosening their grip on strict family values and adjusting towards accommodating problems faced by their children. In addition, juv eniles will learn the benefits of being open with their caregivers. The program usually involves weekly visits to therapy sessions held either at home or in psychiatric clinics. The entire program runs for approximately six months, with exceptions of being terminated early depending on the juveniles’ response to treatment. Mitchell and Gr

Systems management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Systems management - Essay Example It shows how information technology can help educational institutions develop strategies to survive and grow in this modern world. Second section of this report covers specific discussion on the role of IT in the education sector. It offers suggestions and recommendations to improve the education and training sector. In this scenario, it suggests how an information system (web based platform) can help education institutions offer facilities and services to the students and teaching staff. Education and training is one of the most important concerns of today’s world. After the emergence of web, this area has comprehensively evolved and attained a greater performance. In addition, by making use of new and advanced learning tools and web based information systems institutions are presently gaining a lot of benefits. This section will outline some important aspects of information requirements and management decision-making at different levels within the education and training industry. According to Psarras (2006), the society is going towards the new era where the future fundamentally will be determined through peoples capability to intelligently utilize information, a valuable global resource that is the personification of human intellectual technology and capital. The new information-based business and economy offers a great deal worth on the distribution of information and knowledge, and its creation. In this new economy, companies and individuals are required to pay attention on enhancing and maintaining their information capital in order to remain competitive, since their capability to adapt learn and change became a core competency for survival. It is apparent that in this new information-based financial system need for training and education will increase. In case of effective establishment of economic system, new economy offers the transformation in companies

Acquiring Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Acquiring Knowledge Essay Knowledge means power; the whole world craves for knowledge, to know things, to understand, to make accurate calculations and to make wise decisions. But philosophers since ancient times struggle with the question regarding how knowledge is acquired. Is it through the physical senses – of touch, smell, hearing, seeing, and taste? Is it through reason alone? Three great philosophers tackled this question, they are Descartes, Locke, and Kant and all three of them presented three different methodologies when it comes to acquiring knowledge. The pursuit is serious and intense that a whole body of knowledge is dedicated to finding out the answers. It is called epistemology and these three philosophers will serve as guides in the quest to know the truth about knowledge. Descartes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rene Descartes is said to be the father of modern philosophy. He attempted to break with the philosophical traditions of his day by rejecting the Aristotelian philosophy of the schools which is the authority of tradition and the authority of the senses (Craig, 1998). He developed a methodology on how to investigate nature by reducing complex problems to simpler ones and then analyzed further using direct intuition (Craig, 1998). Therefore, his main argument is that by mere thinking one can discover solutions to problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interestingly Descartes had to die to his old beliefs and everything that he considered truth in order for him to determine once and for all that indeed there is a way to discover truth by mere use of intuition and not the reliance of the senses and traditions handed down from one generation to the next. His first guinea pig was himself, he had to doubt his existence to know the truth, and not simply believe that he exist because society tells him that he does exist. He had what inventors and scientists called a â€Å"eureka† moment or a moment of great insight, when he finally blurted out â€Å"Ego cogito, ergo sum† a statement in Latin famously translated as: I think, therefore I am (Broughton, 2008).   This was the breakthrough that he was looking for and he used it as a foundation from where he would build upon his theory of knowledge acquisition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Descartes’ idea is cutting edge at that time. He was one of the first to establish the principle of gaining knowledge and studying things that are beyond the capabilities of the five senses. There are many aspects of mathematics that can be ascertained not by using the five senses but by the mere act of intuition. Intuitively man has the ability to know the truth; this is the main argument of Descartes. This is strengthened by the concept of prior knowledge. A good example is the ability of a baby to suck from the mother’s breast the much needed nutrients for survival. A baby is almost blind from birth and yet able to perform such actions. Locke The capability to use the sense of sight, smell, touch, hearing, and taste is one major path in gaining knowledge (Hartnack, 2001). It is in fact the ancient way of knowing the environment and the complexities of human interaction such as language and relationships. John Locke is one of the major proponents for this method of knowledge acquisition – that man has the capability of understanding the world around him by observing and utilizing the power of the five senses to harness information. Thus, it can be argued that man can only observe the world through his senses. In this model knowledge is true when it can be measured and observed through the senses. This is also known as empiricism. The significance of this method can be seen in scientific applications of the use of observation and careful measurements. Scientists, sociologists, and even philosophers from all over the world use this technique and it can even be argued that most people use empiricism without even thinking about it. It is just natural for man to use his senses to understand his environment and the stimulus that he receives every waking moment. Immanuel Kant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kant is a central figure in modern philosophy because he was able to synthesize early modern rationalism and empiricism (Rholf, 2010). But this does not mean that Kant was completely successful in reconciling Descartes and Locke’s views concerning the acquisition of knowledge. Kant’s critics even asserted that he had made it more complicated and therefore making it harder to determine the perfect methodology that can help humans master the ability to acquire knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, Kant’s major contribution can be summed up in two statements: 1) human beings experience only appearances, not things in themselves; and 2) space and time are noting other than the subjective forms of human sensible intuition (Rohlf, 2010). This is an important conclusion because there are things that empiricism and rationalism cannot cover but can only be ascertain if there is complete understanding of everything – this is knowledge gained after using other people’s insights and breakthroughs.   For example ancient people see the sun orbiting around the earth, rationalism and empiricism will not refute that claim until there is already a capability to improve on that knowledge and modify it because now people know more about the movement of heavenly objects. Comparison   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Descartes did not agree that there can only be one method when it comes to knowledge acquisition. The use of the five senses is not enough to know the truth. There are things in this world that can only be understood by accepting the existence of prior knowledge and the use of intuition. There are mathematical equations that proved useful in improving man’s existence but the steps in developing these mathematical equations was not derived by simply observing the world trough the fives senses. These came forth as a result of institution, simply because mathematical truths belong to an abstract world inaccessible by sense of smell, hearing, taste, touch, and sight. In the privacy of thought, a person can apply these mathematical equations and gain knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another weakness of using the five senses is that it is very subjective. Kant already pointed this out by stating that the five senses cannot be reliable all the time. For example the refraction of light creates optical illusions. The eye communicates to the self and says that the spoon appears to be bent. But the spoon was only perceived to be deformed because of the effect of the action of light when it passes through water. Another problematic aspect of relying on the five senses is its unreliability when human beings are subjected to harsh conditions. For example, a hiker lost in a desert will succumb to the effects of dehydration and begins to see mirage and other images that seem to be real but are not. Even with the obvious weaknesses of the empirical method of acquiring knowledge, it must also be pointed out that the five senses are indispensable tools when it comes to knowledge acquisition. No matter how subjective the five senses may seem to be it must be acknowledge that human beings can live within a community because people understand each other’s languages and respect the rules laid down by the leaders or the elders. This would have been impossible without the use of the five senses. Moreover, the aforementioned weakness of the empirical method can be easily corrected using a third-party that will help verify the information. For example a person hallucinating in the middle of a desert can be rescued by paramedics. And the perfectly healthy rescuers can help the disorientated person to gain his or her bearing. If two people disagree with regards to the exact height of the Statue of Liberty, they need not quarrel, they only need to ask an unbiased participant to measure the statue for them and settle their dispute. Thus, empiricism has only one valid weakness and it is the inability of man to know more than he should and therefore making conclusions without first knowing the big picture or having a complete understanding of the scientific law that governs a particular phenomenon. In this regard Kant’s ideas will be of great help. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Descartes’ view that there is indeed prior knowledge is an important first step in knowledge acquisition. The world is so complex and at the same time working like a well-oiled machine. However, it is not enough to simply say that knowledge can be gained by mere intuition. One has to agree with Locke that the five senses are indispensable tools when it comes to understanding the world. There is a need to observe and to measure in order to know the truth. But even so there are limitations so that it is important to take into consideration what Kant said regarding the inability of the mind to make sense of everything. For example the movement of the earth and sun could never be completely understood by mere intuition or observation alone. There is no perfect methodology in epistemology; there is a need to use each method to know the truth. References Broughton, J. (2008). â€Å"Self-Knowledge.† A Companion to Descartes. MA: Blackwell   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishing. Craig, E. (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Routledge. Cicovacki, P. (2002). Between Truth and Illusion: Kant at the Crossroads of Modernity. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Hartnack, J. (2001). Kant’s Theory of Knowledge: Introduction to Critique of Pure Reason. IN: Hacket Publishing, 2001. Rohlf, M. (2010). â€Å"Immanuel Kant.† Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accesed 27 July 2010. Avaiable from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/#TraIde

History Of Swimming :: essays research papers

Swimming Swimming is the act of moving through the water by using the arms, legs, and body in motions called strokes. The most common strokes are the crawl, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, and sidestroke. Some scientists believe that human beings are born with an instinctive ability to use their arms and legs to stay afloat. That instinct, however, disappears within a few months after birth. Later in life many children and adults learn to swim in order to be safe around the water, to have fun, and to participate in competition. Most people learn to swim by imitating others, most often their parents, brothers, sisters, and friends. Most youngsters in also take lessons at swim clubs, community centers, schools, and recreational facilities. In addition, the American Swim Coaches Association (ASCA) and the American Red Cross sponsor programs that teach children about water safety. Instructors teach students skills that will make them safe, efficient, and confident swimmers. Beginners first put their heads in the water and blow bubbles by exhaling. Gradually, students progress to floating, treading water, and ultimately, learning the techniques of the major strokes. Individuals should not swim in conditions that their ability and experience will not allow them to handle. For inexperienced recreational swimmers, many safety hazards exist, even in a pool. These hazards include misjudging a dive and hitting one's head on the bottom, holding one's breath too long, becoming exhausted, and experiencing sudden cramps while too far from shore or other swimmers. The history of swimming dates back thousands of years. One of the earliest representations of swimming is an ancient Egyptian wall relief that shows soldiers of Pharaoh Ramses II. Swimming was very important in ancient Greece and Rome, especially as a form of training for warriors. In Japan, competitions were held as early as the 1st century BC. In Europe, swimming was less popular during the Middle Ages, swimming didn’t pick up until the 19th century. In the late 19th century amateur swimming clubs began conducting competitions in the United States and Britain. In the United States, colleges and universities such as Yale University, Indiana University, and the University of Southern California played an important role in spreading interest in swimming as a competitive sport. In 1875 Matthew Webb of Great Britain became the first person to swim across the English Channel.

Child Abuse: The Hidden Tragedy

Child abuse is the physical or emotional abuse of a child by a parent, guardian, or other person. Reports of child abuse, including sexual abuse, beating, and murder, have jumped in the United States and some authorities believe that the number of cases is largely under reported. Child neglect is also included in legal definitions of child abuse to cover instances of malnutrition, desertion, and inadequate care of a child's safety. When reported, inadequate foster care services and a legal system that has trouble accommodating the suggestible nature of children, who are often developmentally unable to distinguish fact from make-believe, complicate child abuse cases During the years of 1985 and 1996, there was a 50 percent increase in reported cases of child abuse. In 1996, three million cases of child abuse are reported in the United States each year. Also that same year some twelve hundred children died from abuse across the country. Treatment of the abuser has had only limited success and child protection agencies are overwhelmed. Recently, efforts have begun to focus on the primary prevention of child abuse. Primary prevention of child abuse must be equipped on many levels before it can be successful. Prevention, on the social level is very important and could possibly save a life. According the American Humane Association prevention should include widening the financial self-sufficiency of families, discouraging corporal punishment and other ways of violence. Making health care more available and affordable, increasing and developing coordination of social services, evolving the identification and treatment of psychological problems, and alcohol and drug abuse, providing more affordable child care and preventing the birth of unwanted children. Prevention plans on the family level include helping parents meet their basic needs, identifying problems of substance abuse and spouse abuse, and educating parents about child behavior, discipline, safety and development. In the case of child abuse, primary prevention is defined as any intervention designed for the purpose of preventing child abuse before it occurs. In 1993, three million children in the United States were reported to have been abused. Thirty-five percent of these cases of child abuse were confirmed. Data from various reporting sources indicates that improved reporting could lead to a significant increase in the number of cases of child abuse verified by child protection agencies. The lack of verification does not indicate that abuse did not occur, only that it could not be verified. The facts are that each year 160,000 children suffer severe or life-threatening injury and 1,000 to 2,000 children die as a result of abuse. Of these deaths, 80 percent involve children younger than five years of age, and 40 percent involve children younger than one year of age. One out of every 20-murder victim is a child. Murder is the fourth leading cause of death in children from one to four years of age and the third leading cause of death in children from five to fourteen years of age. Deaths from abuse are under reported and some deaths classified as the result of accident and sudden infant death syndrome might be reclassified as the result of child abuse if comprehensive investigations were more routinely done. Most child abuse takes place in the home and is started by persons are know to and trusted by the child. Even though it has been widely publicized, abuse in day-care and foster-care setting accounts for only a small number of confirmed cases of child abuse. In 1996, only two percent of all confirmed cases of child abuse occurred in these settings. Child abuses if fifteen times more likely to occur in families where spousal abuse occurs. Children are three times more likely to be abused by their fathers than by their mothers. No differences have been found in the incidence of child abuse in rural versus urban areas. Following are the types of abuse and the percentages of the different types. Not only do children suffer from the physical and mental cruelty of child abuse; they endure many long-term consequences, including delays in reaching developmental milestones, refusal to attend school and separation anxiety disorders. Further; consequences include an increased likelihood of future narcotic abuse, combative behavior, high-risk health behaviors, illegal activity, personality disorders. Investigations have shown that a affectionate, loving, tender and caring enjoyable environments during the first three years of a child's life is significant for correct intellectual growth. There have been some recent changes in regards to the causes of child abuse. The results of investigation originated by the National Research Council's Panel on Research on Child Abuse and Neglect showed the first important step away from the simple cause and effect patterns. The panel established that the simple reason and effect patterns have certain limitations, mostly related to their narrow focus on the parents. They stated that in some families that there is cycles of abuse that is started and is carried over generations. These patterns are limited by asking only about the isolated set of personal characteristics that might cause parents to abuse their children. The panel attempted to examine the roots of child abuse, in order to find effective ways in preventing it. The panel developed an ecological model; this model considers the origin of all forms of child abuse to be a structured process This ecological model views child abuse within a system of danger and preventive factors correlating across four different levels: (1) the person, (2) the family, (3) the neighborhood and (4) the community. Certain factors are more closely linked with some forms of abuse than others are. Many people have argued that our society does not really value its children. This argument can be highlighted by the fact that one in four children in the United States lives in poverty and many children do not have any form of health insurance. The presence of high levels of violence in our society is also thought to contribute to child abuse. Poverty, is the most repeatedly and persistently noted risk factor for child abuse in the American society. Physical abuse and neglect are more prevalent amid the people who are the poorest. Whether or not the pressure of poverty-related conditions brings this on. Or as a result from greater observation by public agencies, resulting in over reporting is debated. Other conditions include unreachable and unaffordable health care, broken social services and lack of help from extended families and communities. Parents who were abused, as children are more likely than other parents to abuse their own children are. Lack of parenting skills, impractical expectations about a child's abilities, unawareness of ways to handle a child's behavior and of typical child development, will contribute to child abuse. It is believed that forty percent of established cases of child abuse are related to substance abuse. Other factors that increase the risk of child abuse include emotional immaturity of the parents. Which is often largely applied to age, as in the case of teenage parents. Without proper support with their child they might with struggle poor coping skills, which is often related to age but also occurring in older parents. Also they might have a poor self-esteem; also other psychological problems experienced by the young parents. A common factor is that single parenthood along with many burdens and hardships of parenting that must be handled alone, if there is no help of a partner. In many cultures social isolation of the teenage parents from family and friends that can result in the lack of support. The United States Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect has called for a universal system of early intervention. That would be grounded in the creation of caring communities that could contribute an effective base for facing the child abuse crisis. The panel stated that the successful tactics for preventing child abuse require intervention at all levels of society. The panel was unable to agree of the final plans concerning which programs or services should be offered to prevent child abuse. This is because research on the prevention of child abuse is limited by the complexity of the problem. A broad range of programs has been developed and implemented by public and private agencies at many levels, little evidence supports the effectiveness of these programs. Principal prevention strategies are based on the risk factors that have a low value Which are not as likely to be effective as more broadly based social programs. Also, programs focused on a society level rather than on the individual level prevent the stigmatization of a group or an individual. Society strategies for preventing child abuse that are proposed but unproven include increasing the value society places on children. Enlarging the economic self-sufficiency of families, enhancing communities and their resources, discouraging excessive use of corporal punishment and other forms of violence. Making health care more accessible and affordable. Increasing and improving treatment for alcohol and drug abuse. Developing the identification and treatment of mental health problems, increasing the availability of affordable child care and preventing the births of unwanted children through sex education, family planning, abortion, anonymous delivery and adoption. It is important to create opportunities for parents to feel entitled to act on their own behalf. Honor the wholeness of the family. Strengthen parents' ability to cultivate the faith in there development of their children and themselves. Create links with community support systems, a network of churches and other organizations. Provide a setting where parents and children can gather, interact, support, and learn from each other. Strengthen community awareness of the importance of healthy parenting practices. In the United States specific methods of delivering services to families include home visitations, early postpartum contact, intensive community leaders contact, parent training and free health care clinics. It is important that help be made possible to those parents that have been identified as people with drug problems. It is critical in treating parents who abuse alcohol or drugs. Also it is important to identify and counsel parents who suffer from spousal abuse. Identifying and dealing with parents with mental health problems is also important. Yet these might not always be the soul issues for abuse; other topics need attention include economic, job-related. Providing a sensitive ear also being a resource of referrals. That can help with these issues may take community leaders a giant step towards assisting a needy parent. Also other areas that can be addressed is the need for assistance in education about time management and budgeting skills, stress management, coping and parenting skills such as appropriate discipline. According to the American Humane Society: only home visitation has been found to be effective in reducing the incidence of child abuse. Home visitations are now being widely embraced the concept of home visitation as a method of preventing child abuse by identifying family needs and providing the appropriate services. Also home visitation has the benefits of improving parents' feelings toward their children and the interactions between parents and children. The success of home visitation depends of the support of health care, social services and childcare. Some of the reasons for child abuse center on the needs of the parents. To prevent child abuse, it is important to first help and support the parents. Parents who have multiple emotional, medical, financial and social needs find it difficult to meet the needs of their children. It is critical that community leaders develop an understanding attitude toward parents to help the children. Prevention of child abuse and negligence can be achieved using tactics pointed at helping parents protect and nurture their children. Community leaders could establish group-parenting classes to discuss issues such as: safety issues, nutrition and feeding concerns, discipline and normal child development. Classes should be divided into two groups: one for the parents of infants and one for the parents of toddlers, since these two groups will require a different focus. Providing childcare during these classes may be necessary to ensure attendance It is also important to try to give very specific and concrete suggestions to parents instead of talking in broad generalities. Community leaders could suggest that parents use an egg timer to help children anticipate and be more compliant with bedtime or use time-out as an alternative to spanking a child for bad behavior. Parents should be reminded of and taught to distinguish between childish behavior and willful disobedience. To discipline only those actions that are in the child's control according to the child age and development. In conclusion, many things need to happen at international, national, state and community levels to prevent child abuse. Studies have shown that countries with the most generous social services have the lowest rate of child homicide. People should lobby for greater availability of drug and alcohol treatment programs, more shelters for the homeless, more accessible mental health care and more shelters for abused women and children. These programs and those that provide parenting skills, support groups and respite care for parents and care givers should be available in every community. Child abuse is a complex problem with many causes, it is important that people not take a defeatist attitude toward its prevention. Despite the absence of strong evidence to guide preventive efforts, society can do things to try to prevent abuse. Showing increased concern for the parents or care givers and increasing attempts to enhance their skills as parents or care givers may help save the most vulnerable people, our children, from the nightmare of abuse and neglect.

Paradoxical Thinking: Maintaining Stability in Changing Environments Essay

Abstract Post-recession business trends show companies that survive and continue to develop; apply agile business models that respond quickly to external change. Traditionally linear approaches to problem solving such rational goals models or â€Å"cause and effect† thinking were standard in the workplace during the first quarter of the twentieth century. Is â€Å"cause and effect† thinking going to generate the type of results needed to survive with today’s post-recession business dynamics? Complexities of the workplace today require Master Managers to think both creatively and critically to drive results. When leadership applies paradoxical thinking supported by the Competing Values Framework, organizations have opportunities to thrive. Introduction / Definition Change and flexibility are seen as essential components of successful organizations in turbulent environments with strong competition and may be even more important in times of tumultuous crises. Organizations need to run  fast to keep up with the numerous and intensive changes taking place in their environments (Steinkellner and Czerny, 2010) Post-recession business trends prove that companies that survive, develop, and grow use agile business models that respond quickly to external changes. Traditionally linear approaches to problem solving such rational goals models or â€Å"cause and effect† thinking were standard in the workplace in the first 25 years of the twentieth century. Is this approach the most effective use of management’s resources today? Complexities of the workplace require Master Managers to think both creatively and critically to drive results. Paradoxical thinking is the ability to reverse, manipulate, combine, and synthesize opposites† (Ravi , n.d.). What exactly is a paradoxical thinking? It’s the act of considering two seemingly inconsistent or contradictory concepts then harnessing the opposing forces to produce new possibilities. Paradoxical thinking, if applied effectively, can produce innovative solutions to meet and possibly exceed organizational goals. While organizational leaders are expected to stabilize systems, they are also challenged to adjust the existing structural arrangements and patterned behaviors and to ask frame-breaking questions. Managers must send consistent messages and align strategy with structure, but must never allow the organization to settle into complacency. As soon as â€Å"balance† is achieved, it must be destroyed. Managers must have the cognitive complexity and behavioral flexibility that will allow them to shift from one paradigm to another and thus to effectively manage paradoxes and optimize performance (Belasen, 1998). For example, managers want their organizations to be flexible and adaptive, yet integrated and stable. They want higher internal efficiency and profitability and also higher employee commitment and morale. The art of managing and leading organizations today lies in embracing incompatible forces, rather than choosing between them. (Belasen,1998). The Competing Values Framework (CVF) is a powerful integrative model that is rooted in the contradictory criteria of effectiveness that describe managerial leadership. Hence, mapping out the repertoire of leadership roles essential to dealing with paradoxes, and assessing and developing requisite managerial competencies are important strategic human resource goals. Assessing current managerial competencies  and future organizational needs is an important strategic staffing function that can enable top managers to align organizational capabilities with business strategy. The CVF is a powerful theoretical construct with applications that feat ure supervisory roles and competencies, (Quinn, R. E., Faerman, S. R., Thompson, M. P., and McGrath, M. R., 1996). Example of a company that demonstrates paradoxical thinking I work for a global biotech company that develops rapid point-of-care diagnostics. Their products focus on cardiology, infectious disease, toxicology and diabetes. In 2012, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) audited the company. The FDA found Quality system violations in manufacturing and issued the company a warning letter. In response to this external threat, the company’s leadership went full throttle to defend the organization. During the most intense parts of our remediation efforts, the experience seemed chaotic, however with the new understanding of paradoxical thinking, its clear to me that leadership’s directives were strategically managed. â€Å"Cause and effect† thinking was not complex enough to respond to the FDA’s demands. The work climate internally was intense as we closely followed leadership’s vision. Our organizational shift moved from mainly a Compete quadrant focus, to integrating all four quadrants of the Competing Values F ramework (Collaborate, Control, Compete and Create). Most of our energy was understandably was expended between the Control and Create quadrants. The company’s management energized employees as new cross-functional teams emerged and strove to deliver on new internal and external campaigns to unify us globally. Leadership developed and effectively communicated a new vision framed around shared values of meeting the FDA’s requests, responding to the letter, and releasing quality product back on the market to the patients that needed them. The new shared-vision helped everyone focus on the new, while paradoxically repairing the old. Old processes were scrutinized, evaluated, challenged, and re-evaluated. We had to maintain control of what we were doing correctly while paradoxically implementing new changes. Management also dealt with the economic paradox of not being able to sell viable product while needing to spend on hiring new talent to research, repair, and remediate the findings in the warning  letter. Although the company is still recovering, new internal processes for validating the manufacturing line were eventually implemented and product returned to market. Organizational change, obviously, is often imperative in response to emerging customer demands, new regulations, and fresh competitive threats. But constant or sudden change is unsettling and destabilizing for companies and individuals alike. Just as human beings tend to freeze when confronted with too many new things in their lives—a divorce, a house move, and a change of job, for example—so will organizations overwhelmed by change resist and frustrate transformation-minded chief executives set on radically overturning the established order (Price, 2012). Can one learn paradoxical thinking? Yes, as long as one is open to change and committed to learning new ways of thinking. Embracing the paradoxes can be uncomfortable: it’s counterintuitive to stimulate change by focusing on boundaries and control when a company wants to stir up new ideas. Yet the act of trying to reconcile these tensions helps leaders keep their eyes on all their spinning plates and identify when interventions are needed to keep the organization lined up with its top priorities (Price, 2012). Acceptance involves viewing both sides of competing demands as simultaneously possible, even if they are inherently in conflict. By accepting paradoxical demands, leaders recognize them as an opportunity and â€Å"invitation to act,† rather than as an obstacle (Smith, W.K., Besharov, M.L., Anke, Wessels, A.K., Chertok, M., A, 2012). Paradoxical thinking as a skill related to intelligence. Why is it least used? Paradoxical thinking breaks norms and pushes the limits of complex reasoning and logic. Being able to integrate opposing lines of reasoning to synthesize one common result is a high art. Paradoxical thinking is counter-intuitive and results of this thinking bring change. Barriers to change include fear of mistakes or failure, intolerance of ambiguity, judging or being judged. How management and leadership can utilize paradoxical thinking to improve the organization Once management has determined how to apply paradoxical  thinking, a shared vision needs to be created and conveyed to the organization to give employees a path to follow to reach collective goals. Once individuals grasp a common picture of a desired future everyone can move towards that improved future-state in unison. A shared vision is â€Å"a vision that many people are truly committed to, because it reflects their own personal vision. Shared vision is vital for learning organizations because it provides the focus and energy for learning.† (Senge, 1990). Within the Competitive Values Framework, management can take the opportunity to improve the organization by motivating employees, engaging them in new activities to improve performance and reward them for contributions to change. Leadership can re-structure and revise business process for improved outcomes for customers’ pro ducts and services. Paradoxical thinking can literally re-invent the organization to compete in the modern economy. Leadership must cope with the paradoxical relationship between stability and change to improve the organizations. Conventional management’s approach to paradox are characterized â€Å"by tendencies which encourage polarized, black/white, good/bad thinking†. From an analytical perspective four different modes to cope with the paradoxical relationship between stability and change can be found to (1) accept the paradox, keep stability and change separate and use the paradox constructively, (2) separate the poles of the paradox to different locations or levels, (3) temporally separate stability and change, and (4) advance new conceptions through introducing new concepts or a new perspective. Compared with traditional modes, the paradox of stability and change may intertwine and instead of negating and displacing one another, they can mutually reinforce each other in a process of renewal (Steinkellner, P.F., and Czerny, E. J., 2010). Conclusion â€Å"Cause and effect† thinking hinders mastery as it’s linear approach is not complex enough to delve into the dynamics of today’s organizational environments. Using paradoxical thinking one can taking two seemingly inconsistent or contradictory concepts then harnessing the opposing forces  to possibly exceed organizational goals. Placing paradoxical thinking into the Competing Values Framework gives organizations the opportunity to explore new alternatives and innovate. Innovation is the key to growth in the business environment. References Belasen, A. T., 1998, Paradoxes and Leadership Roles. Retrieved from http://www8.esc.edu/ESConline/across_esc/forumjournal.nsf/wholeshortlinks2/Leadership+Roles Price, C., 2012, Senior executives will better balance people and priorities by embracing the paradoxes of organizational life. Retrieved from http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/organization/leadership_and_the_art_of_plate _spinning Quinn, R. E., Faerman, S. R., Thompson, M. P., and McGrath, M. R., 1996, Becoming a master manager: A competency framework. Retrieved from http://www8.esc.edu/ESConline/across_esc/forumjournal.nsf/wholeshortlinks2/Leadership+Roles Ravi, K. R., Paradoxical Thinking. Retrieved from http://www.krravi.com/paradoxicalthinking.pdf Senge, P., The Learning Organization. 1990 Retrieved from http://infed.org/mobi/peter-senge-and-the-learning-organization/ Smith, W.K., Besharov, M.L., Anke, Wessels, A.K., Chertok, M., A Paradoxical Leadership Model for Social Entrepreneurs: Challenges, Leadership Skills, and Pedagogical Tools for Managing Social and Commercial Demands. Retrieved from http://www.buec.udel.edu/smithw/Smith,%20Besharov,%20Wessels%20and%20Chertok_Social%20Enterpreneurship%20AMLE_2012.pdf Steinkellner, P.F., and Czerny, E. J., 2010, Educating Managers for a Paradox World – Duality and Paradoxes in Management. Retrieved from http://www.iff.ac.at/oe/media/documents/Paper_38_Steinkellner_Czerny.pdf

Are Socio-economic rights justiciable Essays

Are Socio-economic rights justiciable Essays Are Socio-economic rights justiciable Essay Are Socio-economic rights justiciable Essay a mistrust that seems common throughout the governments of the world. One may insist that human rights most urgently need asserting and defending, both in theory and in practice, where they are most denied. Indeed, the language of rights only makes sense at all in a context where basic requirements are vulnerable to standard threats; can one imagine a right to clean air in an pre-industrial society. The Human Rights agenda does have an aspirational and promotional dimension, which is of course wholly necessary, but it does not constitute mere rhetoric. So, to express economic and social requirements in the language of human rights does more than just emphasise the obligations of governments and international agencies and their respective publics. Socio-economic rights can be said to have justiciability but that is not to say that one should not consider them not having it. The only clear answer can be determined after a line of case law in a variety of countries whereby one can determine how effectively they can be implemented. The trouble is that governments are unlikely to want to take the initial risk of implementing untested legislation for, as mentioned earlier, in democracies the government must maintain the confidence of the electorate and bad legislation can be very expensive in electoral terms.

The 4 Graph Quadrants Definition and Examples

The 4 Graph Quadrants Definition and Examples SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The Cartesian plane (or the x-y plane) is a two-line graph on which you plot ordered pairs. The two intersecting lines of the Cartesian plane make four distinct graph quadrants. In this article, we’ll discuss what graph quadrants are, how to manipulate data points on graph quadrants, and walk through some sample graph quadrant problems. What Are the4 Graph Quadrants? The two lines on the Cartesian plane form four graph quadrants. In this section, we’ll discuss the graph quadrant definition and define each part of the plane. Quadrant Definition A quadrant is one of the four sections on a Cartesian plane. Each quadrant includes a combination of positive and negative values for x and y. The4 Graph Quadrants There are four graph quadrants that make up the Cartesian plane. Each graph quadrant has a distinct combination of positive and negative values. Here are the graph quadrants and their values: Quadrant I: The first quadrant is in the upper right-hand corner of the plane. Both x and y have positive values in this quadrant. Quadrant II: The second quadrant is in the upper left-hand corner of the plane. X has negative values in this quadrant and y has positive values. Quadrant III: The third quadrant is in the bottom left corner. Both x and y have negative values in this quadrant. Quadrant IV: The fourth quadrant is in the bottom right corner. X has positive values in this quadrant and y has negative values. Graph Quadrants Diagram In this diagram, you can see the four graph quadrants, along with whether or not x and y are positive and negative. Graph Quadrant Numbers, Explained Numbers are plotted on graph quadrants in what are known as ordered pairs. An ordered pair consists of two values, x and y. In an ordered pair, x is always the first value and y is always the second value. In the ordered pair (5, -2) for instance, 5 is the x value and -2 is the y value. When plotting an ordered pair, the x value refers to the pair’s horizontal position on the graph. The y value refers to the vertical position. See how the pair (5, -2) looks when plotted. Graph Quadrants Example Problems Using the following graph quadrant diagram, identify the quadrants for the following ordered pairs. Ordered Pair Quadrant (-9, 11) (4, 8) (-3, -4) Graph Quadrants Example Problems: Answers Find the answers for the above graph quadrants example problems below. Ordered Pair Quadrant (-9, 11) II (4, 8) I (-3, -4) III Math Quadrants: Key Takeaways A math quadrant is another phrase for a graph quadrant. A graph quadrant is one of four sections on a Cartesian plane. Each of the four sections has a specific combination of negative and positive values for x and y. You plot an ordered pair on graph quadrants. Ordered pairs have x and y values. X is the first value in an ordered pair; y is the second. What's Next? Want to brush up on other basic math skills?Then check out our expert guides on how toadd and subtract fractionsand how to use the acceleration formula. Need help preparing for the SAT/ACT Math section?Learn everything you need to know aboutwhat kinds of topics are tested on SAT MathandACT Math.

American Labor Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Labor Unions - Essay Example Firstly, with respect to the overall effectiveness of American labor unions, it must be stated that historically this effectiveness has been rather high. Ultimately, working conditions, pay, fairness, and issues concerning equality have all been able to be maximized as a direct result of union organization over the past decades. However, one of the major issues that is facing unions, and subsequently contributing to a massive loss in union membership is the fact that individuals no longer feel that the benefits of union membership outweigh the costs. For instance, even a brief overview of existing news stories reveals the fact that many companies are moving from union friendly states to non-union friendly states. Moreover, the recent flood of jobs that have migrated overseas has caused many individuals to believe that the â€Å"greediness† of the unions have contributed to the industrial decay that the United States has experienced since the 1960s (Zhu, 2006). Moreover, the ab ility of foreign manufacturers, such as foreign automobile makers, to benefit from nonunion factories within the United States and dominantly compete with domestic automobile manufacturers has underscored the fact that the unionization of cities such as Detroit can no longer be seen as a mutual benefit to domestic industry and/or the success of American business over foreign production (Fiorito & Jarley, 2012). Finally, with respect to the issue of whether or not a nonunion group of individuals within a particular company should be allowed to engage in collective bargaining and choose to become part of a union, it is the belief of this particular author that this action is a fundamental right that should not be infringed. Whereas it is true that there are many drawbacks and weaknesses to an alliance or agreement with a particular union, the self determinism of an individual group of workers is something that should not be infringed upon and ultimately represents a level of

Chinese students learning strategies in EFL and in ESL Essay

Chinese students learning strategies in EFL and in ESL - Essay Example The second strategy that students use in learning EFL is communicative strategies. Qiumei (n.d) highlights that communicative strategies are deliberate efforts by the students to decode or express the meaning in a language and in circumstances where the language rules have not been identified. Some of the communicative strategies that they use include avoiding and adjustment of a message, paraphrasing, approximations, asking for help, repetition, classifications etc. Teachers in this strategy help the students in learning EFL because the students refer to them when they want to ask questions about the language. Alliance for Excellence Education (2005) points out that this method is known as guided interaction because students work together with teachers in order to understand the language. In addition, another strategy used by students in EFL in China, is discussions; therefore, to understand the language better, the students form discussion groups where the teachers assist them and other students to understand English language. Qiumei (n.d) highlights that this method allow students to participate in discussions of meanings so that they can comprehend messages and this help them to learn and acquire the language. Chinese students who join tertiary institutions in Australia have difficulties in learning English as a second language. Thus, due to the difficulty in communication, they employ various strategies in Australian context to understand English as a Second language (ESL). Some of the main strategies include cognitive, metacognitive, social and affective strategies (Samida, 2006). Further, these strategies can be used universally by new students in any country globally because they are equally applicable. The first strategy is the cognitive strategy, and it involves transforming the English language through repeating, analyzing and summarizing messages (Samida, 2006). The

Employee motivation among call centre agents Literature review

Employee motivation among call centre agents - Literature review Example I would also like to thank _____________ for guiding my research for the past several months and helping me develop my background in human resource management, and organisation. Special thanks goes to ________, who was willing to participate in my final defense committee. I would also like to thank my parents, two elder sisters, and elder brother. They were always supporting me and encouraging me with their best wishes. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, ______. She was always there cheering me up and stood by me through the good times and bad. Contents 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. Background of the Study 3 1.3. Research aims and objectives 5 1.4. Research Question 5 1.5. Significance of the Study and underlying assumptions 5 1.6. Structure of the Research 7 1.7. Conclusion 8 Chapter 2 Motivation Theories 9 2.1. Motivation Theory: a historical perspective 10 2.1.2. The Modern Period 11 2.1.3. The Present-day Scenario 13 2.2. The Theories 18 2.2.1. Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy The ory 20 2.2.2. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory 23 2.2.3. Motivation-Hygiene Theory 24 2.3. The Conceptual Analysis 27 2.4. Conclusion 30 3.1. Introduction 31 3.2. Saudi Arabia: Profile 32 3.3. The Telecommunications Industry of Saudi Arabia 33 3.4. Human Resource in Saudi Arabia 36 3.4 Etihad Etisalat (Mobily) 39 3.4.1. HR and Mobily 41 4.1. Introduction 1 4.2. Research Approach 1 4.3.Research Design 3 4.4. Data Collection 3 4.5. Validity and Reliability 6 5.1. Introduction 7 5.2. Findings and Discussions 8 5.3. Description of findings 9 5.3.1. Deficiency Needs 9 A. Compensation and Benefits 9 B. Security 11 C. Safety 12 D. Social Needs 13 5.3.2. Growth Needs 16 A. Esteem 16 5.4. Conclusion 24 6.1. Summary 26 6.2. Conclusion 27 6.3. Recommendations 28 6.4. Limitations and Future... Human resource capital is one of the primary assets of organizations. Although employees have been considered as indispensable in the organisation, the contemporary period has provided frameworks wherein the role of employees in attaining the goals of the organisation becomes a vital factor for the success of the organisation. Globalisation, recognition of the notion that organisation has an obligation in satisfying the interests of all identified stakeholders such as shareholders, employees, suppliers, costumers, community and other entities that may have a relationship with the firm. Likewise, there is a perceptible shift in the consciousness of the people and rapid developments in computer and information technology have contributed to the changed in perception regarding the central importance of employees in organisations. As a result, the current condition and state of employees today can be claimed to be the result of the long history of the difference between employees and employers and the current factors that are influencing human interactions. In this regard, scholars have continually articulated the inherent importance of motivating employees to improve their effectiveness, job performance and productivity.

Synthesis of Aquasomes With Different Compositions

Synthesis of Aquasomes With Different Compositions Executive Summary of Research Proposal (maximum 300 words) (Please include the problem statement, objectives, research methodology, expected output/outcomes/implication, and significance of output from the research project) The last three decades have witnessed remarkable and breathtaking advances in the field of biotechnology, biochemistry, molecular biology and peptide synthesis. These developments have facilitated the pharmaceutical industry to make remarkable progress in the development of peptide and proteins as drugs. Since proteins are known to be involved in essentially all biological processes and reactions, they represent a promising class of therapeutics. Administration of these classes of drugs to humans is formidable challenge for biotechnologist as well as pharmacist. The biggest problems lying in their governance are physical and chemical instability, poor bioavailability and lack of knowledge for delivering them. These problems can be solved by using the aquasomes. Aquasomes combines biotechnology and nanotechnology approaches. These sugar balls are the recent addition in delivery systems that have wider applications in peptide and protein delivery. Aquasomes are three-layered self-assem bled nanostructures. They contain solid nanocrystalline core lile calcium phosphate coated with polyhydroxy oligomers over which peptide and protein are adsorbed. The carbohydrate coating protects the peptide from dehydration and stabilizes the active peptide molecules. Structural stability is provided by solid core. Aqausomes maintains the conformational integrity of peptide which makes it ideal carrier system for delivery of peptides. In the proposed work Aquasomes, a novel nano drug delivery system compassing of hydroxy apatite (HA) core having carbohydrate coating will be prepared. Urokinase will be immobilized on these nanostructures for thromobolytic therapy. The prepared systems will be characterized for size, shape, size distribution, enzyme loading efficiency, and in vivo performance. The in vivo performance of the formulated aquasome will be compared with standard urokinase preparation. In Aquasome the steric hindrance is provided by polyhydroxyoligomers between enzyme and blood component (Plasma protein). Later RES cells assist in removing exogenous material from blood stream .The polyhydroxy oligomers maintain three dimensional conformation of enzyme and also helps in deferring recognizition from RES cells. Therefore it is proposed that aquasome not only act as dehydroprotectant but also preserve the three dimensional conformation of enzyme in blood, which enhanced dramatically the half-life of enzyme. So it is expected that proposed system can add new dimension in delivery of urokinase through its rapid onset of action, maximal efficacy and safety Research background including Problem Statement, Hypothesis/Research Questions, Literature Reviews, Related References and Relevance to Goverment Policy, if any. Problem statement Urokinase is a serine protease enzyme which is widely used as an anti-thromboembolic drug in thrombolytic therapy. Urokinase is a strong plasminogen activator. Activation of plasmin activates a proteolysis cascade which breaks down the fibrin polymers of blood clots. This makes urokinase a very important drug against vascular diseases.Urokinase has a half-life of 10-20 mins in plasma. Due to which it is needed to given patient in a short time span for treatment.2 These problems can be solved by using the aquasomes. Aquasomes combines biotechnology and nanotechnology approaches. These sugar balls are the recent addition in delivery systems that have wider applications in peptide and protein delivery. Aquasomes are three-layered self-assembled nanostructures. They contain solid nanocrystalline core like calcium phosphate coated with polyhydroxy oligomers over which peptide and protein are adsorbed. The carbohydrate coating protects the peptide from dehydration and stabilizes the active peptide molecules. Structural stability is provided by solid core. Aqausomes maintains the conformational integrity of peptide which makes it ideal carrier system for delivery of peptides.3,4 Hypothesis Urokinase is a thrombolytic enzyme having half life of 10-20 minutes. In the present work is an attempt is to retain the spatial properties of streptokinase i.e. three-dimensional conformation, which is a freedom internal molecular rearrangement generated by intermolecular interaction and a freedom of bulk movement. Using aquasomes a high degree of molecular preservation may be achieved by virtue of the significant degree of retained biological activity. The aquasomes also avoid the elimination of drug by reticuloendothelial system therefore sustained delivery of drug may be achieved, and a circulating bioreactor could possibly be developed which may be used as preventive measure to avoid probable vascular embolism Research Questions Is it possible to immobilize Urokinase on aquasomes? Do Aquasmoes will be able to preserve the activity of Urokinase? Is it possible to achieve sustain release of urokinase with aquasomes after PEGylation? Is it possible to use similar platform for other peptide drugs? Literature review Current status of research and development in the subject Kossovsky et al.5( 1995) reported first synthesis of aquasomes for delivery of protein antigen and mussel adhesive protein. After that around fifteen research publications were appeared in scientific community utilizing aquasomes for peptide and drug delivery. Recently Aquasomes were used in delivery of peptide and drugs like insulin6 and indomethacin.7 Vyas et al.8 also used aquasomes for hepatitis antigen delivery. The relevance and expected outcome of the proposed study Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common and potentially life threatening condition which is still under diagnosed and undertreated.VTE treatment is full of risk as patient requires precise dosing of drugs with careful monitoring.9 Due to these problems in last decade lot of studies were done for developing novel antithrombotic agents. Urokinase is a serine protease (EC 3.4.21.73) enzyme which is also called urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). It is a thromobolytic agent. It was originally isolated from human urine, but it is also found in blood stream and the extracellular matrix. Urokinase directly activates conversion of plasminogen to plasmin which is a primary protein accountable for fibrinolysis.10 Urokianse has a half-life of 10-20 mins due to which it is not available in body for longer time. There is urgent need of a carrier which can carry the urokinase for longer time. Aquasomes is an answer for this need. As it carry the peptide with full retention of therapeutic activity for longer time. So there is a need of developing a drug delivery system for delivery of Urokinase in sustain manner11 It is projected that propose system can add new dimension in delivery of urokianse through its rapid onset of action, maximal efficacy and safety. References Degim IT, Celebi N. Controlled delivery of peptides and proteins. Curr Pharm Des 2007;13:99-117 Erdogan S, Ozer AY, and Bilgili H. In vivo behaviour of vesicular urokinase. Int. J. Pharm.2005 295: 1–6 Juliano RL. Microparticulate drug carriers: liposomes, microspheres and cells. In: Robinson JR, Lee VHL, editors. Controlled drug delivery. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 2005. p. 555-80. Rawat M, Singh D, Saraf S, Saraf S. Nanocarriers: promising vehicles for bioactive drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1790-8. Kossovsky N, Gelman A, Rajguru S, Nguyan R, Sponsler E, Hnatyszyn CK, et al. Control of molecular polymorphism by a structured carbohydrate/ceramic delivery vehicle-aquasomes. J Control Release 1996; 39:383-8. Cherian AK, Rana AC, Jain SK. Self-assembled carbohydrate-stabilized ceramic nanoparticles for the parenteral delivery of insulin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2000;26:459-63. Oviedo RI, Lopez SAD, Gasga RJ, Barreda CTQ. Elaboration and structural analysis of aquasomes loaded with indomethecin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 32:223-30. Vyas SP, Goyal AK, Rawat A, Mahor S, Gupta PN, Khatri K.Nanodecoy system: a novel approach to design hepatitis B vaccine for immunopotentiation. Int J Pharm 2006; 309:227-33. Agarwal S, Lee AD, Raju RS, Stephen E. Venous thromboembolism: A problem in the Indian/Asian population? Indian J Urol 2009; 25:11-6. Agarwal Y.K, Vaidya H, Bhatt H, Manna K, Brahmkshatriya P Recent Advances in the Treatment of Thromboembolic Diseases: Venous Thromboembolism Medicinal Research Reviews, 2007 ; 27:891-914, Kaur K,Kush P,Pandey RS,Madan J,Jain UK,Katare OP Stealth lipid coated aquasomes bearing recombinant human interferon-ÃŽ ±-2b offered prolonged release and enhanced cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells.2015; 59 :267–276 (b) Objective (s) of the Research Urokinase is an unstable (half-life of 10-20 mins) enzyme. Pharmacist plays and important role in their stabilization, formulation and effective delivery. Over all aim of this study is to develop urokinase immobilized aquasome. Aquasome will protect urokinase from degradation and dehydration. It will also enhance and sustain its thrombolytic activity with reduced side effects. Specific objectives will be 1. To synthesize aquasomes having different compositions. Aquasomes with different sugar coating will be synthesized. Sucrose, Trehalose , Lactose and Pyrodoxial-5-phospahte will be used for sugar coating. Characterization of these nanoparticulte system will done using Transmission electron microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Zetasizer and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD). Determination of particle morphology and distribution size analysis of nanoparticles will be performed. 2 To immobilize urokinase on aquasomes and coating of PEGylated phospholipids Optimization of aquasome formulations for maximum loading of enzyme will be performed. Enzyme activity will be measured for immobilized enzyme and later they will be coated with PEGylated phospholipids for sustain release. 3. Characterization of these nanoparticulte systems after immobilization will be performed using Transmission electron microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and Zetasizer 3. In-Vitro evaluation of aquasomal formulations Aquasomal formulations will evaluated for protein (Urokinase) release. (c) Methodology The envisaged work shall be undertaken on the following lines (1) Preformulation studies 1.1. Identification test for proteins IR spectroscopy SDS PAGE 1.2. Identification Test of Formulation Adjuvants (Sugars) Molish Test Moore’s Test Polarimetric determination of sugars 1.3. Preparation of calibration curve of adjuvants (Trehalose and Cellobiose) 1.4. Preparation of calibration curve of Enzyme as a Protein 1.5 Preparation of Calibration curve of Enzyme in PBS (pH 7.4) and Plasma (2) Preparation and Characterization of Hydroxy Apatite 2.1 Optimization of the method for the preparation of Hydroxy Apatite 2.1.1 Characterization of Hydroxy Apatite prepared by self-precipitation Size and Shape e.g TEM and SEM Crystal properties e.g XRD 2.1.2 Preparation and Characterization of Aquasome 2.1.3 Optimization of the poly hydroxyl Oligomers concentration on Hydroxy Apatite 2.1.4 Optimization of drying condition 2.1.5 Optimization of Protein concentration 2.16 Characterization of Optimized Aquasome formulation. Confirmation of poly hydroxyl Oligomers coating by Zeta Potential measurement Determination of loading efficiency of various Aquasome formulations In-vitro release rate studies Assessment of Biodegradability of Different Formulation Retention of Enzyme Activity Reaction Kinetics of Aquasome adsorbed Urokinase Urokinase specific Antibody Detection (3) Stability studies of prepared formulation SDS-PAGE Storage Stability Expected Results/Benefit It is expected that proposed formulation will retain the spatial properties of urokinase i.e. three-dimensional conformation, which is basically achieved by freedom of internal molecular rearrangement for intermolecular interaction and without any bulk movement. Using carbohydrate based aquasomes a high degree of molecular preservation may be achieved by virtue of the significant degree of retained biological activity. The aquasomes also avoid the elimination of drug by reticuloendothelial system therefore sustained and controlled delivery of drug may be achieved. Therefore, it is aim to develop an Aquasome system being streptokinase to protect drug from degradation and dehydration as well as to enhance and sustain its biological activity with reduced side effects. It will help us in getting preliminary results which will be very useful in writing big research project grants to other funding agencies. It is also expected that this research work will allows us to publish quality publications.