Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Essay Example for Free

Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Essay Financial management is very crucial in today’s health care financial procedures. It is one the most important aspects of the financial health care. There are many assessments made- based the financial records and the business transactions that occur within the health care organization. It is crucial the financial records are kept up- to -date and they follow specific guidelines. The books kept up- to- date and in order, this will show the amount of money being brought into the organization for profit and the amount of money the organization has lost in profit. One thing that may cause the honesty of the organization to be on the brinks is the organization financial management and the correctness of the financial books. This paper is about information that will address financial reporting practices and ethics. It will address four financial management functions, summaries that accept accounting principles by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). It will also give an example from an article that has reflected ethical standards of conduct and financial reporting. The basic four components of financial management are planning, controlling, organizing and directing and decision making. The preparation is responsibility for financial management to recognize the purposes of the health care organization. The planning step is to â€Å"set directions and allocates resources, the organizing step brings people and material resources together in working condition, the leading step inspires people to best utilize these resources, and the controlling step checks that the right things happen, in the right way, and at the right time† (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, amp; Kramer, 2007,). Controlling is the process of the financial management to ensure that each department of the organization are going by the procedures that was decided. The financial manager should have the reports available to study the most recent financial reports. The reports will help to select what department needs the most consideration to keep the organization going. Organizing and directing is the responsibility of the financial manager to decide in what way to make use of the funds of the organizations most efficiently. Resources such as assets will help the manager to ensure the goals of the healthcare organizations are accomplished. Directing is an everyday job provided that control and support. The final step in the element in financial management is decision making. Planning, organizing, and controlling is a correspondence with the decision making process. The choices will be by the financial manager based on evaluation, analysis and information. Generally accepted accounting principles is a set of financial recommendations used for financial accounting. The recommendations are for preparing financial statements and for setting standards for organizations accountants. According to Baker (2011), â€Å" One of the requirements of GAAP is that unrestricted fund balances be separated from restricted fund balances on the statements, so you see two appropriate line items (restricted and unrestricted) in the fund balance section† (p. 108). GAAP are the rules of accounting. Those guidelines are to arrange the reporting of financial statements that will include the cash flow statements, income statements, and the balance sheet. With the reply of these responsibilities, the Organization of Managing Bookkeepers declared principles of moral conduct for employees of managing bookkeeping and financial management. The principles take account for confidentiality, integrity, and competence. A person must maintain knowledge and the necessary skills is what includes competence. They must always maintain their professional responsibilities and duties in accordance with related rules, technical standards, and regulations. Confidentiality when one should not disclose confidential information, such as health records except when given the right authority to do so. Integrity has the responsibility not to engage in activities that would affect prejudgment, favors that will influence their actions and decision making. According to† Ethical Standards† (n. d),â€Å"Specialists of managing bookkeeping and monetarist managing partake an commitment to the community, their line of work, the institute they work for and themselves, to uphold the utmost principles of decent manner. Hewlett-Packard Company CEO, Mark Hurd turn out to be mixed up in the workplace. According to (Healthfield, 2012), â€Å"Mr. Hurd had failed to disclose a close personal relationship he had with a contractor that constituted a conflict of interest† . †Mr. Hurd also â€Å"failed to maintain accurate expense reports, and misused company assets. † This is an example that reflect ethical standards of conduct a nd financial reporting practices. Practicing accuracy end honesty will help continue the capacity to never misuse the financial systems, and abide by the laws laid out by GAAP. Organizations are providing their employees with the necessary training that will equip them as well as sustain the reporting practices operational but at the time use the similar procedures and show them new procedures. Fraud and abuse is something everyone know when being ethical. By using the GAAP guidelines, keeping the organizational ethics and policies would be free from abuse and fraud. By following the guidelines that comes from the GAAP, they can help prevent fraud and abuse from happening in the health care organization itself. These guidelines are there to help the organization benefit so they will always be ready in case there may come a time when they have to show their financial documents to a third party. Therefore in conclusion, it a major responsibility in financial reporting practices and ethics. Financial managers should implement the four elements of financial management in their reports to avoid fraud, abuse and the risk of breaking ethics. Managers should know how to plan, control, organize and directing and decision making. They should always incorporate the GAAP rules and regulations in order to avoid unethical rulings.

The university and colleges authorities Essay Example for Free

The university and colleges authorities Essay Blogging presents the users with a unique opportunity to express themselves and air their views on different issues. It gives the students a chance to communicate with their peers on different issue. To many this is an opportunity to tell others what one believes or feels concerning a certain issue. It also gives the user a chance to earn some income depending on the number of people who respond to the issues raised by the person initiating the blog. Basically what is a blog? Blog has been described as a term which is used to describe those website which maintain a continuos series of information which is arranged in a systematic manner. By systematic I mean the information is a arranged according to the time that it was posted. The site is frequently updated . This from of communication dwells on various issues from personal to politics. One can focus on a wide issue or a narrow one depending on ones wish. Therefore blog can be fun informative,entertaining and at the same time it can be used as atool of spreading malicious information concerning a person or a group of people. At the same time blog can be used to offend a certain person or a society. (Bruns, A and Joanne J 2006) Blogging can be used for various purposes by different people,in colleges and universities it has become a tool where students attack each other through posting information which can damage a personal character. Although the American constitution through the first amendment guarantees every citizen the freedom of speech the authorities in the laerning institution should control the use of blog to pass information which can interfere with other students learning process. Hate speeches are common among the students in our laerning institutions,internet has played a very big role in promoting this culture as students can post hate speeches anonymously in the internet. Since access to the websites which provide blog is not restricted to any user anybody can bump on such information. Through reading the content one may feel disoriented and will be affected negatively by the message. This will affect the person phychologically and may go to an extent of affecting the student education depending on the kind of message or information that was relayed. (Kline, D and Burstein, D. 2007 34) Restricting blog which are mostly used to insult and demean others is the best thing that can happen in our institution of higher learning. This will ensure that the learning process is smooth if all the other factors remain constant. This will also guarantee each and every srudents right to a dignified life in the institution. It will protect the most vulnerable group as far as hate speech is concerned. The most tergeted groups include the women,people from different races,disabled or basically those students who have some weakness as far as the college society is concerned. These are people who need protection since they are prone to such henous acts which can leave them traumatized to an extent where their education is intefered with. (Ringmar, E 2007 56) The freedom guaranteed by the American constitution does not give us a leeway to spread rumors against others, pass on some information which can hurt other people or even more give messages which are inciting in nature or pass on messages with a purpose of hurting others. The law clearly spells out that such an action would be tantamount to interfering with other people’s affairs in a manner that suggests that one is malicious and at the same time lacks respect for the others. Regulation of blogs which spread such kind of message will ensure that those vulnerable groups are protected from those malicious people who are only interested in hurting other people’s emotions. The universities authorities ought to take the first step in getting all those culprits who are out to hurt other feeling. Though such a move may attract great opposition it is a move in the right direction as the same constitution that promotes free speech articulates clearly the rights of very American to lead a decent life. Blogs which promote such kind information do not only violate a person freedom but also affects their lives. One may argue that why put so much emphasize on the blogs yet hate speeches are made day and day out in our colleges. One has to appreciate that internet is accessed by many people who are not restricted from visiting sites especially those which largely deals with the blog. This means that if a negative or a hate speech is posted targeting a certain group the message will spread far and wide within a very short time. This will affect the targeted people emotionally and psychologically because they may not be in a position to react or behave different in such circumstances. (Bruns, A and Joanne J 2006 38) Emergence of blog has presented some very complicated issues concerning the rights of those who may be targeted by some of the information posted. There have been several cases which have been filed touching on blog and hate speech. It is a form of defamation where perpetrators can be sued in a court of law. May be to start with ,the authorities in our learning institution should sue such character as their aim is harm others while trying to make themselves popular. Through such an action they will be moving in the right direction in curbing such practices in the institutions where students are supposed to be nurtured in a manner where they respect each other. It might be difficult to unmask some of the bloggers who use anonymous addresses but with the advancement of technology this should be an easy task. Involvement of internet service providers in unmasking these malicious people would yield some fruits since they have the proper machinery in netting the culprits. The effects of hate speech have far much reaching effects especially for the students who can be very vulnerable due to their conditions. It impacts some form of resentment to a certain group of people especially those who have characteristics which the blogger writes against. It may also lead to withdrawal of the victim as they tend to come to terms with the message being relayed. This means that the student will not be in a position to concentrate in their studies. (Alavi, N. 2005 26) The university and colleges authorities should not only aim at curbing the practice but should embark on a program where the students are sensitized on the dangers of hate speech especially through blogs. They should be made to understand hate speeches can ignite conflict between different people within the learning institution. Such a conflict can be detrimental to their learning process as they will live in fear of attack from the other group. Another danger as far as this practice is concerning is the time involved. Such a time is supposed to be used to study but most of the students will spend most of their time blogging, an activity which is time consuming. This means that the student will not have enough time as they embark on an activity which is very addictive in nature. Blog when used for the right purpose can have very positive effect but when it is used to hurt other people it has some serious effect on those whom are targeted and at the same time for those who post them. We should not abuse the systems provided for us to ease the process of communication and passing relevant information rather we should utilize such opportunities ti reap as much benefits as possible. The universities can be successful in addressing this issue as they have the capacity to control what the students’ access in the networks provided by the institution. Mostly giving the students the right information can also go along way in ensuring that hate speech is not spread through the internet in form of blog. Work cited Bruns, A and Joanne J Uses of Blogs, Peter Lang, New York, (2006) Alavi, N. We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs, Soft Skull Press, New York,( 2005) Ringmar, E A Blogger Manifesto:Free speech and cesorship in the age of internet,London,Anthem Press(2007) Kline, D and Burstein, D. Blog: How the Newest Media Revolution is Changing Politics, Business, and Culture, Squibnocket Partners, (2005).

The McDonaldization of Society

The McDonaldization of Society According to Ritzer, the Mcdonaldization of society has standardized the consumer experience. Critically discuss. The McDonaldization of society was originally published in 1993 and has since been revised and republished several times. In this text Ritzer argues that a process of McDonaldization has taken place in which the principles of the fast food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world (Ritzer, 2004, pg 1). This process has revolutionized the principles of business and transformed our experiences of production and consumption.   Ritzers concept is based on the work of Weber and his theory of rationalization (Weber, 1964). Weber argues that modernity is characterised by instrumental reason, with an increased emphasis on efficiency, control and the use of technology. This was initiated by a decline in traditional authority and the influence of charismatic leaders. The authority of rationality is based on rules and the application of science, logic and reason.   These rules are carried out by bureaucratic structures in wh ich groups of peoples are organised into hierarchies, each having individual responsibilities. They must follow the rules and regulations set by those who occupy a higher level in the hierarchy (Ritzer, 2004). Ritzer uses his McDonaldization model to demonstrate this rationalization process. The bureaucratic characteristics of the fast food restaurant include a complex division of labour in which food is prepared elsewhere and delivered frozen. A crew of labourers then perform a specific role repeatedly, such as cooking food and serving customers. For Ritzer, the fast food restaurant has come to represent the growth of rationalization in the twentieth century and its increasing influence on everyday human interaction and personal identities. Ritzer identifies four aspects of McDonaldization, one of which is predictability and relates most closely with this essay title. This aspect of McDonaldization implies that all products and services are standardized, that is they are identical at any time and in any place (Aldridge, 2003). To standardize means it is free from any irregularities, all the products are made to conform to one another. Shlosser (2001) refers to this characteristic as uniformity (pg. 5). This is the key to the success of any business franchise he argues. Customers are drawn to familiar brands by an instinct to avoid the unknown. A brand offers a feeling of reassurance when its products are always and everywhere the same (Schlosser, 2001, pg 5). Both Schlosser and Ritzer argue that the success of the fast food industry, through the production and consumption of standardized products, have encouraged other types of industry to adopt these methods of business.   This has meant that identical copies of vari ous stores are now spread across the world, leaving smaller businesses unable to compete (Schlosser, 2001 and Ritzer, 2004). For example, Subway now has 27,000 outlets in 85 countries and Starbucks opens an average of 6 new coffee shops per day (Ritzer, 2004). Standardization has made its roads in areas like education, healthcare, shopping, leisure and sport. It is worth concluding my introduction by outlining the other three characteristics of Ritzers McDonaldization theory. Then I will proceed to discuss the question of whether the McDonaldization of society has standardized the consumer experience. The first dimension is efficiency the optimum method for getting from one point to another (Ritzer, 2004, pg 13). By following predetermined steps, businesses can function efficiently as every stage is carried out quickly and easily. This idea of efficiency is promoted by businesses as beneficial to consumers, but in reality serves their business interests as customers are increasingly providing their own labour while paying additional charges for the privilege. Ritzer offers many examples, such as salad bars, ATM machines and drive throughs.   A few years ago, the fast food chain McDonalds came up with the slogan We do it all for you. In reality, at McDonalds, we do it all for them. We stand in line, take the food to the table, dispose of the waste, and stack our trays. As labour costs rise and technology develops, the consumer often does more and more of the work (Ide and Cordell cited in Ritzer, 2004, pg 61).   The second aspect is calculability, Ritzer argues that McDonaldization involves calculating, quantifying. Quality tends to become a surrogate for quality (Ritzer, 2004, pg 66). Mcdonaldized products and services are quantified, tasks are done within a certain time and products are a specific size, numerical standards are applied to almost everything. The size of a Big Mac never changes (Aldridge, 2003). Microwaves in the home mean that meals can now be prepared in minutes, saving time for other activities. News broadcasts are condensed into minute snippets of information so we are not bogged down with detail and useless information. Ritzer argues that although an emphasis on calculability means that we can pay very little for large sizes, the quality of these goods are becoming ever more substandard. The final dimension of the McDonaldization paradigm is control. This involves the use of nonhuman technology to remove the uncertainties caused by human agency and to ensure that both employees and customers are pliant participants in the McDonaldizing process (Ritzer, 2004, pg 132).   Employees are not required to think for themselves or apply human logic to their work. They must follow instructions, push buttons on tills and scan barcodes. The skill and potential of human actors has become insignificant in a McDonaldizing world. Our everyday interactions are now based on the use of machines. Ritzers critique of these four dimensions is discussed in his chapter on the irrationality of rationality where he acknowledges the benefits of the McDonaldization of society, such as increased variety, the availability of 24 hour shopping and increased speed of service.   But despite the obvious benefits he argues that rationalization produces unreasonable systems in which human reason is und ermined. His arguments mirror those of Marx and his discussion of alienation (1844). Ritzers analysis of McDonaldiztion can be extended to many fields of consumption which have become increasingly standardized. For example, many argue that higher education has become McDonaldized. Previously, academics who teach in higher education were able to control their methods of teaching and dictate the nature of its content. This diversity in teaching styles and approaches has been reduced to a homogenized, product orientated system in which the student is now thought of as a customer. The quality of education is now highly controlled and regulated, teaching and research is bureaucratic and rationalized to serve economic interests.   Evidence of this can be found in the emphasis on skills and employability placed on students as well as the use of postgraduate students and other low wage teaching assistants to lead classes. Higher education institutions are forced to compete with one another for funding and rank positions for the quality of teaching and research. Students op inions are now recorded by way of course evaluations which amount to surveys on customer satisfaction (Poynter, 2002).   Lecturers and tutors are often required to develop and update new skills in technology in their teaching, this includes the use of power point and blackboard. Students also use technology in their studies in order to prepare them for their careers and the world of business. Although there is no national curriculum in place for higher education, this may change in the future and a national standard may be put in place (Hartley, 1993). This mass production of education is likely to cause a decline in its quality. Ritzer argues that we have seen the ultimate step in the dehumanization of education, the elimination of a human teacher and of human interaction between teacher and student (Ritzer, 2004, pg 155). It is interesting that Ritzer suggests not only that university education has become McDonaldized, but that   the subject of sociology has too.   He discus ses the McDonaldization of sociology textbooks and sociological theory or standardized theory (Ritzer, 1998, pg 37) but does not consider his own contribution to this phenomenon in writing the McDonaldization thesis. Many argue that his books have made social theory more palatable for students (Smart, 2006). There are many other examples of standardized consumer experiences. Ritzer identifies fie aspects of this standardization or predictability. Each can be related to specific areas of consumption. Hotel chains are   a perfect example of predictable settings the growth of these chains has changed the way we experience hotel stays, while previously they were very diverse and owned by individuals who ran them in different ways and offered varying services and amenities. Now customers know what to expect from well known chains as each establishment is identical to the next (Ritzer, 2004,). The existence of individually run guesthouses and bed and breakfast is not a thing of the past as Ritzer seems to imply. These types of hotels are still hugely popular by consumers who wish for a more traditional, less standardized experience. The use of scripted interaction has created a more routinized experience for the consumer, we encounter this form of pseudo-interaction on almost a daily basis in fast food restaurants and   supermarkets as well as other places. Many supermarkets require their staff to follow a number of compulsory steps when serving customers, such as great the customer, offer to pack, promote certain products, say goodbye etc.   Ritzer argues that consumers are subjected to inauthentic, insincere, treatment. I would argue however that although workers are required to ask certain questions, it is not as scripted as Ritzer claims, many businesses encourage their staff to engage in natural conversation with them. Ritzer highlights that employee behaviour has become set to a specific standard. Workers must dress and act in a certain way. Detailed employee manuals are often distributed containing the dos and donts of the job. Disney is a   good illustration of this, Bryman (2004) discusses the emotional labour of employees working in Disney theme parks in which they must act as characters when delivering service, they are required to present the idea that they are taking part in the fun and not simply working. They internalise the culture of Disney by using a specific vocabulary and adopting a Disneyized persona in their work. The standardized nature of products, as well as the processes involved in their production, is another aspect of Ritzers predictability theory. In McDonalds, the food is easy to prepare and pre-cut to look identical to one another. The methods of preparation are the same in every restaurant, as is the packaging in which it is served. Ritzer argues that simple menus ensure predictability and uncomfortable seating (which is often in short supply) ensures that customers eat and leave quickly. It is important to note however, that McDonalds restaurant has changed in recent times, the menu has grown and now includes more healthy options and alternatives to the classic items like hamburgers and milkshakes. The decor and seating have also changed and is now much more vibrant, creating a dining experience in which customers are not forced to leave quickly but relax and take their time. This is something Ritzer may have to factor into the next edition of his book. He also argues that regional and ethnic distinctions are disappearing from American cooking (Ritzer, 2004, pg 99). The predictability of food in a McDonaldized society means that the food consumed in one city, is the same as any other. The standardized nature of the food served in fast food restaurants means that we can purchase the very same product in most parts of the world he argues. This can be disputed in that there are always cultural variations in the food served in different countries, such as the meat used and sauces supplied the restaurant. Religious and cultural beliefs have an impact on the type of food on offer.   The menus are certainly not as standardized and uniform as Ritzer claims. Turner (2006) identifies this as a major criticism of Ritzer and argues that the extent and uniformity of McDonalds is not an illustration of cultural standardization (pg 82). He goes on to cite ethnographic studies which prove that McDonaldization is not a straight forward process. Standardized consumer experiences also involve keenness by businesses to minimize danger and unpleasantness (pg 102). Again, Disney theme parks are   a useful illustration   of this as they are extremely controlled environments free from crime and disorder. Shopping malls are another good example as they protect the shopper from the dangers of the outside world and provide a relaxed, upbeat environment. Ritzer discusses and documents an extensive number of areas of consumption which are characteristically rationalized and standardized. At this point, the argument that McDonaldization of society has standardized the consumer experience is quite convincing. However, many writers have criticised Ritzers McDonaldization thesis and I would like now to outline a few of the critiques that have been put forward, some have already been mentioned. I will then summarise and conclude the essay. Kellner (1999) points out firstly that Ritzer manages to cover a diverse number of areas simply because his thesis is so broad as to conceptually grasp and interpret a wealth of data (pg. 186). Kellner argues that Ritzers theory relies too heavily on Webers work on rationalization. This generates a one-sided and limited optic that needs to be expanded by further critical perspectives (pg. 187). Ritzers methods of research are also quite limiting and can be described simply as journalistic, he uses every day, observable illustrations which are easy to relate to and discuss. Therefore he is heavily reliant on media articles to exemplify his arguments. Absent from his theory is a consideration of the subjective aspects of McDonaldization and the role of human agents. How do we as individuals view the McDonaldization process and how does it serve our interests? There seems to be too much focus on production, with a disregard for the diverse experiences and practices of consumption. Kell ner suggests that cultural studies be included in the McDonaldiztion thesis. The McDonalds experience today for example, has arguably entered the post-modern realm, where McDonalds advertising has come to represent a quasi- mythical, hyper real world of Americana, family fun and good times (Kellner, 1999, pg 191). Kellner proposes that a multiperspective approach would be more valuable and the incorporation of the work of theorists such as Marx and Baudrillard would be useful. ONeill (1999) is also extremely critical of Ritzer and questions whether McDonaldization is a sufficient theory to explain the changes to our experiences of consumption in recent times. He describes Ritzers books as theory burgers   only suitable for the lay population (ONeill, 1999, pg 53).he concludes his chapter with the statement only you can stop teaching/reading Ritzer! (pg. 55). To conclude, Ritzer has claimed that the fast food restaurant has standardized everything related to the production and consumption of goods. From the shape and size of fries to the scripting of human interaction. This revolutionary system is indicative of changes in other areas of social life today, and   marks the beginning of future changes to come. Ritzer convincingly backs up his claims with an analysis of other phenomena such as education and leisure. By utilizing Webers classic work on rationalization and the iron cage of bureaucracy (1964) Ritzer applies and extends it to present day experiences of production and consumption. It is probably reasonable to say that the McDonaldization of society has standardized the consumer experience. But with his overly pessimistic analysis, Ritzer fails to offer any insight into the deeper social and cultural reasons and ramifications for this process. His theory is overly descriptive and presents a simplistic view of contemporary consume r culture. What is needed is, as Kellner argues, a theory which offers more than a one dimensional perspective and takes into account the subjective experiences and symbolic value of our practices. Bibliography Aldridge, A (2003) Consumption. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bryman, A (2004) The Disneyization of society. London: Sage. Hartley, D (1995) The McDonaldization of higher education: Food for thought? Oxford review of education. Vol. 21. Pp. 409-423. Published by Taylor and Francis Ltd. Kellner, D (1999) Theorizing/resisting McDonaldization: A multiperspective approach. In Smart, B [ed] Resisting McDonaldization. London: Sage. Marx, K (1844) The economic and philosophical manuscripts. New York: International publishers. ONeill, J (1999) Have you had your theory today? In Smart, B [ed] Resisting McDonaldization. London: Sage. Poynter, G (2002) Modules and markets: education and work in the information age in Hayes, D and Wynyard, R [eds] The McDonaldization of higher education. USA: Greenwood press. Ritzer, G (1998) The Mcdonaldization of American sociology: A metasociological analysis. In Ritzer, G [ed] The McDonaldization thesis. London: Sage. Ritzer, G (2004) The McDonaldization of society: Revised new century edition. USA: Sage publications. Schlosser, E (2001) Fast food nation. London: Penguin. Smart, B (1999) Resisting McDonaldization: Theory, process and critique. In Smart, B [ed] Resisting McDonaldization. London: Sage. Taylor, S and Lyon, P (1995) Paradigm lost: the rise and fall of McDonaldization International journal of contemporary hospitality management. Vol. 7 No. 2/3.pp. 64-68. MCB University Press. Turner, B. S (2006) McDonaldization: the major criticisms in Ritzer [ed] McDonaldization: the reader. California: Pine forge press. Weber, M (1964) The theory of economic and social organizations. New York: The free press.

energy :: essays research papers

 ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are 5 forms of energy: mechanical, chemical, radiant, electrical, and nuclear  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mechanical energy is the form of energy of familiar objects and machines.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chemical energy is the form of energy involved in chemical reactions. Chemical energy is released in the chemical reaction known as oxidation.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radiant energy is energy that travels through space. Radiant energy includes light and all other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electrical energy is another form of energy from electromagnetic interactions that will be considered in detail later.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nuclear energy is a form of energy often discussed because of its use as an energy source in power plants. Nuclear energy is another form of energy from the atom, but this time the energy involves the nucleus, the innermost part of an atom, and nuclear interactions.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any form of energy can be converted to another form. A light bulb, for example, converts electrical energy to radiant energy.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The law of conservation of energy: Energy is never created or destroyed. Energy can be converted from on form to another but the total energy remains constant.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Energy arrives from the sun, goes though a number of conversions, and then radiates back into space. The total sum leaving eventually equals the original amount that arrived.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Work is the product of an applied force and the distance through which the force acts. Work is measured in Newton-meters, a metric unit called a joule. Power is work per unit of time. Power is measured in watts. One watt is 1 joule per second. Power is also measured in horsepower. One horsepower is 550 feet 1lb/sec.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Energy is the ability to do work. An object that is elevated against gravity has a potential to do work. The object is said to have potential energy, or energy of position. Moving objects have the ability to do work on other objects because of their motion. The energy of motion is called kinetic energy.

Nature of Logic and Perception Essay -- Logic Critical Thinking Philos

Nature or Logic and Perception Outline: 1. Definition of logic and its connection with critical thinking. 2. An everyday example is given when use of logic and critical thinking takes place. 3. Nature of logic defined. 4. Perceptual shortcuts and factors influencing it. 5. How these shortcuts affect our decisions. 6. My personal experience of perceptual shortcut. 7. What I learned from this experience. 8. Importance of logic and critical thinking. 9. Resources This paper is aimed at the relation logic has with perception. It kicks off with the meaning and process of logic and how it then relates to critical thinking. It further gives a very common example of how one makes a decision with the help of his/ her critical thinking. We then find out what perceptual shortcuts are and how they are formed and what influences it. The paper then goes on to explain in detail about an incident in my life where my perception of the situation was far from the actual reality. The paper wraps up with my final thoughts of how nature of logic affects thinking process. Webster?s dictionary defines logic as the science dealing with the principles of reasoning, especially of the method and validity of deductive reasoning. In layman?s terms, the use of logic within our thinking allows us the ability to discern and reason logically that with which we are presented with on a daily basis. It is a process of examining and evaluating any particular idea or thought, in an effort to search for the truths that allows us to better understand or identify why we think the way we do. It enables us to more effectively express our opinions and ideas or even aid in the argument of someone else?s point of view. Hence the term, Critical Thinking! It is a way in which we rationalize any given thought or idea that helps us to come to a conclusion based on the findings that support it. For instance, before heading to work you watch the news and their morning traffic update for possible accidents and road closures because you have an hour commute. On this particular morning you hear the traffic reporter mention that your daily route to work has been closed due to a huge tractor-trailer accident. Logically, and using critical thinking you are able to come up with two alternate routes for getting to work on time. Using further logic and critical... ... she only 2 years old. As I came to know the truth, I immediately apologized. We are still best friends. But since that day onwards, I learnt that ?first investigate and then poke into the matter?. I also began to be more understanding since then. I further changed my tactics and always made sure that I knew both sides of the story. The nature of logic as it relates to critical thinking, and the perceptual process have a great impact on individuals choices and decisions in life. It is important to think before you speak because you never know where miss-understanding may take you. Do not assume, but think about all of your possible choices before making a fair decision. View situations in its entirety for clearer possible outcomes. When you have exhaled all possible choices, make a final decision that makes you feel more comfortable with your decision. In the end not only will you gain knowledge, but you will also enhance your way of thinking to understand and except different people and environments. Bibliography Brewer, Bill. ?Perception and Reason?. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1999. Pg no 288. Philosophy Lander http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/nature_log.html

Paul Strand :: essays research papers

Key Figures 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1936 Strand joined with Berenice Abbot to establish the Photo League in New York 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strand was the first photographer to acheive a really decisive break with pictorialism and apply some of the lessons of the new modern art to photography. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paul Strand was born in New York and attended the Ethical Culture School where his teacher was Lewis Hine. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strands later work moved toward a documentary approach, attempting to encapsulate a feeling a place and its people in a body of work, published in book form. The most successful of these dealth with rural communities such as the Hebridean Islands or a village in the Italian South. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strands work was published in the last two issues of Camera Work and the pictures marked a turning point for photography. Laslo Moholy-Nagy 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teacher at the Bauhaus School in Germany. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establishes the New Bauhaus at the Chicago Institute of Design. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Used straight photography and photomontage. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disorienting Images. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Experimented with stage design and photography. Man Ray 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surrealist 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Made dreamlike images 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His revolutionary nude studies, fashion work, and portraits opened a new chapter in the history of photography. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  he was enthusiastically welcomed into Dadaist and Surrealist circles 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Man Ray experimented tirelessly with new photographic techniques, multiple exposure, rayography, and solarization being some of his most famous. John Heartfield 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Original name Helmut Herzfeld 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  German Dadaist. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pushed the idea of using massprinted source material by inventing the photomontage. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  practice social criticism 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wasn’t allowed to express himself in Germany during Hitler’s time. Aleksandr Rodchenko 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aimed to make the familiar strange. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wanted to challenge or provoke the viewer. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Valued technology 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Style : close ups, unusual vantage points, tilted his camera. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Was born in Russia. Edward Weston 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Photographing natural landscapes and forms such as peppers, shells, and rocks, using large-format cameras and available light 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  produced sensuously precise images raised to the level of poetry. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He became successful working in a soft-focus, Pictorial style, winning many salon and professional awards. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By 1920 he was experimenting with semi-abstractions in a hard-edged style. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  own portrait studio between 1911 and 1922 in Tropico, California. Eugene Atget 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  first of photography's social documenters 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His images of Paris are perhaps the most vivid record of a city ever made. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sold 2500 negatives relating to the history of Paris, a large portion of the work he had been accumulating for two decades, to the Caisse National des Monuments Historiques. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  some of his photographs were in the magazine La revolution surrealà ­ste.

Informative: Writing and Synthesis Essay

Informative Synthesis Essay Outline Although at its most basic level a synthesis involves combining two or more summaries, synthesis essay writing is more difficult than it might at first appear because this combining must be done in a meaningful way and the final essay must generally be thesis-driven. In composition courses, â€Å"synthesis† commonly refers to writing about printed texts, drawing together particular themes or traits that you observe in those texts and organizing the material from each text according to those themes or traits.Synthesis Essay Outline: The introduction (usually one paragraph) 1. Contains a one-sentence statement that sums up the focus of your synthesis essay. 2. Also introduces the texts to be synthesized: Gives the title of each source (following the citation guidelines of whatever stylesheet you are using); Provides the name of each author; Sometimes also provides pertinent background information about the authors of synthesis essay example, a bout the texts to be summarized, or about the general topic from which the texts are drawn. The body of a synthesis essay:This should be organized by theme, point, similarity, or aspect of the synthesis essay topics. Your organization will be determined by the assignment or by the patterns you see in the material you are synthesizing. The organization is the most important part of a synthesis, so try out more than one format. Be sure that each paragraph of synthesis essay sample: 1. Begins with a sentence or phrase that informs readers of the topic of the paragraph; 2. Includes information from more than one source of synthesis essay examples; 3.Clearly indicates which material comes from which source using lead in phrases and in-text citations. [Beware of plagiarism: Accidental plagiarism most often occurs when students are synthesizing sources and do not indicate where the synthesis ends and their own comments begin or vice verse. ] 4. Shows the similarities or differences between the different synthesis essay writing sources in ways that make the paper as informative as possible; 5. Represents the texts fairly–even if that seems to weaken the paper! Look upon yourself as a synthesizing machine. Conclusion.When you have finished your synthesis paper example, write a conclusion reminding readers of the most significant themes you have found and the ways they connect to the overall synthesis essay topics. You may also want to suggest further research or comment on things that it was not possible for you to discuss in the paper. If you are writing a background synthesis, in some cases it may be appropriate for you to offer an interpretation of the material or take a position (thesis). Check this option with your instructor before you write the final draft of your paper.Sometimes you may be asked to synthesize your own ideas, theory, or research with those of the texts you have been assigned. In your other college classes you'll probably find yourself syn thesizing information from graphs and tables, pieces of music, and art works as well. The key to any kind of synthesis is the same. Synthesis Essay Format: 1. The length of your paper should be 5-7 typed double-spaced pages with reasonable margins. This does not include your bibliography (or works cited). 2. Be consistent in your use of bibliographic references; include page numbers for quotes.List all works you cited at the end of your paper 3. As you use quotations to support your ideas, make sure you do not produce a paper of lengthy quotes strung together. If you quote three lines or fewer, the quote should not be set off or indented but integrated into the text of your paper. 4. Do not use first person. 5. Connect ideas using linking devices and transitions. 6. Spend time outlining, organizing and editing your paper. Ideally, you can find someone else to proof-read your paper. 7. When you are done editing, think of a title, which best captures your thesis. Informative: Writing and Synthesis Essay Informative Synthesis Essay Outline Although at its most basic level a synthesis involves combining two or more summaries, synthesis essay writing is more difficult than it might at first appear because this combining must be done in a meaningful way and the final essay must generally be thesis-driven. In composition courses, â€Å"synthesis† commonly refers to writing about printed texts, drawing together particular themes or traits that you observe in those texts and organizing the material from each text according to those themes or traits.Synthesis Essay Outline: The introduction (usually one paragraph) 1. Contains a one-sentence statement that sums up the focus of your synthesis essay. 2. Also introduces the texts to be synthesized: Gives the title of each source (following the citation guidelines of whatever stylesheet you are using); Provides the name of each author; Sometimes also provides pertinent background information about the authors of synthesis essay example, a bout the texts to be summarized, or about the general topic from which the texts are drawn. The body of a synthesis essay:This should be organized by theme, point, similarity, or aspect of the synthesis essay topics. Your organization will be determined by the assignment or by the patterns you see in the material you are synthesizing. The organization is the most important part of a synthesis, so try out more than one format. Be sure that each paragraph of synthesis essay sample: 1. Begins with a sentence or phrase that informs readers of the topic of the paragraph; 2. Includes information from more than one source of synthesis essay examples; 3.Clearly indicates which material comes from which source using lead in phrases and in-text citations. [Beware of plagiarism: Accidental plagiarism most often occurs when students are synthesizing sources and do not indicate where the synthesis ends and their own comments begin or vice verse. ] 4. Shows the similarities or differences between the different synthesis essay writing sources in ways that make the paper as informative as possible; 5. Represents the texts fairly–even if that seems to weaken the paper! Look upon yourself as a synthesizing machine. Conclusion.When you have finished your synthesis paper example, write a conclusion reminding readers of the most significant themes you have found and the ways they connect to the overall synthesis essay topics. You may also want to suggest further research or comment on things that it was not possible for you to discuss in the paper. If you are writing a background synthesis, in some cases it may be appropriate for you to offer an interpretation of the material or take a position (thesis). Check this option with your instructor before you write the final draft of your paper.Sometimes you may be asked to synthesize your own ideas, theory, or research with those of the texts you have been assigned. In your other college classes you'll probably find yourself syn thesizing information from graphs and tables, pieces of music, and art works as well. The key to any kind of synthesis is the same. Synthesis Essay Format: 1. The length of your paper should be 5-7 typed double-spaced pages with reasonable margins. This does not include your bibliography (or works cited). 2. Be consistent in your use of bibliographic references; include page numbers for quotes.List all works you cited at the end of your paper 3. As you use quotations to support your ideas, make sure you do not produce a paper of lengthy quotes strung together. If you quote three lines or fewer, the quote should not be set off or indented but integrated into the text of your paper. 4. Do not use first person. 5. Connect ideas using linking devices and transitions. 6. Spend time outlining, organizing and editing your paper. Ideally, you can find someone else to proof-read your paper. 7. When you are done editing, think of a title, which best captures your thesis.