Statistical Methods Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Statistical Methods - Math Problem Example 4. Given data: , Sxx = 27100, Syy = 280.1 and Sxy = 2665 Cxx = Sxx - n = 27100 - 10(51.82) = 267.6 Cyy = Syy - n= 280.1 - 10(5.12) = 20 Cxy = Sxy - n= 2665 - 10 (51.8) (5.1) = 23.2 The slope a of the fitted regression line Y on X is a = Intercept b = = 5.1 - (0.0867) (51.8) = 0.6091 Estimate S for the standard deviation of the model s = = 5. H0: A = 0 Vs H1: A 0 where A is the slope of the fitted line Y on X. Test statistic: Under H0, tn - 2 distribution where a is the sample slope parameter, A is the population slope parameter, s is the sample estimate for the standard deviation. The results from Q4 are a = 0.0867, s = 1.4495 and Cxx = 267.6 and A = 0. Test statistic: Pr {-2.306 t8 2.306} = 0.95. The value 0.9786 is contained in this interval and hence we have insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The p-value is 0.3 which is higher than 0.05. Hence we can conclude that the population slope parameter A = 0. 6. The Fitted line is y = ax* + b where 'a' is the slope and 'b' is the intercept. From previous questions we have the results a = 0.0867 and 0.6091 At x* = 44, the value of the line is y = 0.0867(44) + 0.6091 = 4.424 At x* = 52, the value of the line is y = 0.0867(52) + 0.6091 = 5.118 At x* = 54, the value of the line is y = 0.0867(54) + 0.6091 = 5.291 The 95% confidence interval for mean of Y is given by the formula where a = 0.0867, b = 0.6091, x* = 44, 52 and 54, = 51.8, n = 10, s = 1.4995, Cxx = 267.6 and t8,0.025 = 2.306 At x* = 44, the confidence interval is 4.4239 1.9784 (2.4455, 6.4023) At x* = 52, the confidence interval is 5.1175 1.09428 (4.023, 6.21178) At x* = 54, the confidence... The value 0.9786 is contained in this interval and hence we have insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The p-value is 0.3 which is higher than 0.05. Hence we can conclude that the population slope parameter A = 0. The tabulated value for t32 distribution at upper 5% significance level is 1.694. Since our test statistic value is higher than this value, we reject H0 at 10% significance level. The tabulated value for t32 distribution at upper 2.5% significance level is 2.037. The test statistic is lower than this. Hence we accept H0 at 5% level of significance. The estimated p-value should be between (0.05, 0.1) excluding the upper and lower limits. The result is statistically significant and we can conclude there is a difference in the mean profit outputs. Since we can only say that the means are not equal and cannot say about which is larger, we recommend carrying out one-sided test and then choosing about which course is best. This is reasonable as the sum of n-1 values of a sample gives the other value of the statistic and there is dependence between the n terms and so the degrees of freedom of sample size n are n - 1. As we infer about 2 samples it is reasonable to use 2(n-1) as degrees of freedom when the sample sizes and variances are equal.

Four Freedoms for All Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Four Freedoms for All - Essay Example The first freedom, that of speech is the hallmark of a democratic society where people are free to express their opinions on a variety of subjects. Speech differentiates man from any other form of life and allows humans to communicate, and through this communication to explore and create in fields as diverse as music or art, science or medicine. This freedom of speech and expression is not just a basic right, but also a means to impart ideas that contribute to man’s ever increasing knowledge as well as his growth, happiness, and well-being. The curtailment of this freedom can subdue man for a while but in the end, when he sees others enjoying it, revolt is inevitable. In today’s world of speedy communication, this phenomenon is being increasingly seen in the overthrow of dictatorships around the world. In democratic societies, it is the tool used to keep a watch on the activities of those in power, because unbridled power can lead to corruption. This freedom in the hand s of the media is a powerful tool to place facts before the people so they are in a position to make informed choices while choosing their leaders. However, every right comes with a responsibility and freedom of speech does not mean maligning others or their way of life and customs or traditions. A responsible way to use freedom of speech is to respect the rights and freedoms of others. The second freedom is man’s freedom to worship the god or gods of his choice and in a way, he feels fit for his own peace of mind. Today religious intolerance is what is leading to many of the world’s problems. ... It is important to note that a man’s religion or religious beliefs are his personal choice hence it is important for each one of us to have the freedom to choose whom we worship and how we do it. Ultimately all religions preach the same things and they really are the same except for the names that they go by, which again are given to them by man. Religion and religious beliefs have always been the source of conflict since the time man began to worship nature and the elements. Every religion has gone through phases when people were killed and tortured in the name of religion. Most religious leaders are under the impression that the greater the numbers of their followers, the better their religion or the stronger their faith, little realizing that no religious body teaches its followers to kill or steal or lie. Despite this underlying truth that is self evident, religious persecutions have dogged mankind from time immemorial and persist even to this day. International bodies can pass resolutions and nation states can pass laws, but ultimately unless man is willing to admit that religion is a personal choice and cannot be forced on another through fear, real freedom of worship cannot be attained. The third freedom, that of freedom from want is the vast imbalance between the haves and the have nots. There are some countries in our world where poverty is rampant. The people do not have the basic necessities of two square meals a day or a roof over their heads. Here malnourished mothers give birth to underweight babies who do not have a chance to grow into healthy children or adults. Infant mortality rates are high, and those babies who do survive, fall prey to diseases that are spread due to the unhygienic conditions in

Comparing The Contrast Of Blakes Songs English Literature Essay

Comparing The Contrast Of Blakes Songs English Literature Essay William Blake was born in, London, England on 28 November 1757, he was born to a middle-class family and was the third child of seven children, two of whom died in childhood. William did not go to school, and was educated by his mother at home William Blake displayed a bright imagination at a young age, which was not looked upon positively during the pre Romantic period. He continued throughout his writing to drastically question faith and politics. His parents knew enough of his stubborn character. He enthusiastically read on subjects of his own choosing. During this time, Blake was also making explorations into poetry. On August the fourth 1772, Blake became apprenticed to engraver James Basire, for seven years. At the end of this period, at the age of 21, he was to become a professional engraver On October the eighth 1779, Blake became a student at the Royal Academy in Old Somerset House, while his study required no payment; he was expected to bring in his own materials during the six-year period. Blake met John Flaxman in 1782, who was then to become his supporter, and Catherine Boucher, who was later on, to become his wife. Blakes marriage to Catherine remained close and loyal until his death. She helped him to colour his printed poems while he taught her how to write, In this assignment I will compare and contrast three of Blakes poems from the songs of innocence and three poems from the songs of experience, I will comment on the context, themes and Blakes craftsmanship. In Blakes poems many poems fall into pairs Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience they both have opposing perspectives of the world, Most of the time Blake is trying to show us how experience corrupt innocence. The first two poems I will be comparing is Infant Joy and Infant Sorrow Blake wrote the song The Chimney sweepers song of innocence and The chimney sweepers song of experience from totally different perspectives William Blakes wrote the poem The Chimney Sweepers in 1789, the poems tells the story of what happened to many young boys throughout this time. Boys were sold at very young age for the purpose of cleaning chimneys. These children were exploited and lived a very terrible life. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience both protests the living conditions and the overall treatment of young chimney sweeps The innocence version of the poem consists of six four line stanzas. The poem starts with a depressing tone telling us from the Childs perspective that before he had even learnt to speak his parents had sold him My father sold me while yet my tongue could scarcely cry. In the songs of innocence boys innocence does not allow him to not understand the social injustice and unlike the experience version where the boy in the poem sees the unfairness and is able to speak against it. The songs of Experience version consists of three four line stanzas. The poem starts of with the line A little Black thing among the snow this suggests the Boy feels lonely and depressed, the boy also does not have trust in god and feels that he has lost his purpose this shown when he says Where are thy mother and father, say? They are both one up to church to pray The Boy also Blames his parents for making him do this work, this is shown here Because I was happy among the heath and smiled against the winters snow, they clothed me in the cloth of death, and taught me to sing the notes of woe this shows that the boy was joyful until his parents sold him The Nurses Song tells a tale of a Nurse who is looking over some children playing in the field. However the experience version differs form the innocence version in the Experience version it is more bitter than the innocence version, it shows a nurse that is jealous of the children and is cruel. On the other hand the innocence version shows a nurse that does not mind the children playing, it also seems as if she is enjoying watching the children play this I shown at the very first stanza where she says When Voices of children are heard on the green and the laughter is heard on the hill, My heart is at rest within my breast and everything else is still. Whereas in the Experience version in the first stanza the nurse says that When voices of children are heard on the green and whips rings are in the dale, my face turns green and pale this could suggest that the nurse is an old nurse with a lot of experience from life. In the last stanza the nurse says Your spring and your day are wasted in play, and your winter and night in disguise this shows that the nurse is weighed down by lifes experience. In the experience version we do not see a lot of colors, unlike the innocence version where Blake paints a childrens drawing in the readers mind. He also uses very smooth language for example instead of saying the sun goes down it is said till the light fades away In the Poem Infant joy songs of innocence Blake s showing us a two day old child that is happy to arrive to the world. Blake creates a lot of joyful Images in the readers mind, He does that by only adding positive language in his poem, for example the word joy is repeated seven times in the poem. The language that Blake uses when the child talks is also uncomplicated and simple, the poem has two stanzas and is a bit rambling we also see that the mother witch has experience is positively reflecting on the two day old who represents innocence On the other hand Infant sorrow from the songs of experience the child feels he is unwanted and that he doesnt belong to this world we learn that when in the first stanza when he says My mother groaned and my father wept We also learn the child is struggling Struggling in my fathers hands striving against my swaddling bands, the child also feels discarded this is shown when he say bound and weary I thought best to sulk upon my mothers breast. Helpless, naked piping loud this could suggest that Blake is talking about the industrial revolution and that the world is becoming to dangerous for next generations, in the second line the child also says Into the dangerous world I leapt In all of Blakes poems he tries to tell us that everyone was born innocent and that lifes experience that forced the us into something good or bad and that lifes experience took away the innocence of youth. Most of his poems illustrate that belief

Euthanasia Essay -- Euthanasia Essay

Euthanasia is the practice of ending a life to release an individual from suffering an incurable disease or intolerable pain. Having to lay in bed twenty-four hours a day is no way to live a life. People that suffer from a serious illness should have the right to die by euthanasia. In 1991, a national telephone survey was conducted which posed the question, â€Å"If you were terminally ill, what would you want for yourself?† Fifty-two percent of one thousand four in the US said that they’d consider assisted suicide or euthanasia. Among the reasons cited were that the people wouldn’t want to burden others, live in pain, or be dependent on machines. All Americans have the right to die because the Constitution grants us the right to privacy and the right to pursue happiness. People should have the right to take their lives if they are totally dependent on others or machines. Ones that depend on other people to care for them only feel like a burden. Being a burden to a loved one makes the sick feel even worse then they do already because of their illness. People that are alive only because of machines really don’t have a life. If they didn’t have machines, they’d be dead, so why aren’t they allowed to die? Americans have the rights that are in the Constitution. When dealing with euthanasia, people have to look at what Constitutional rights give people the right to die. Americans have the right to privacy. Privacy to ones body is a strong re...

Analytical Proceduresâ€Ratio Analysis Form

11 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES—RATIO ANALYSIS FORM The auditor can use this form to document the performance and evaluation of ratio analysis in connection with analytical procedures performed in an audit. The form is only a guide and is not a substitute for professional judgment. The form may be modified by adding or omitting certain ratio analysis. CLIENT NAME: DATE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: LIQUIDITY RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Current ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Quick or acid test ratio =Current Assets – Inventory Current Liabilities____________________ Comments: PROFITABILITY RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Gross profit ratio = Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold Net Sales____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Operating margin ratio = Income before Income Taxes and Interest Net Sales____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 3. Net income ratio (or profit margin ratio) = Net Income Net Sales____ ________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 4. Return on total assets ratio = Net Income + Interest Expense Total Assets____________________Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 5. Return on equity ratio = Net Income Average Stockholders’ Equity____________________ Comments: LEVERAGE RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Debt to assets ratio = Total Debt Total Assets____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Debt to equity ratio = Long-Term Debt Stockholder’s Equity____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 3. Times interest earned ratio = Income before Income Taxes and Interest Interest Expense____________________ Comments: ACTIVITY RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Inventory turnover =Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Average age of inventory = 360 Days Inventory Turnover____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 3. Accounts receivable turnover = Net Sales Average Accounts Receivable____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__ 19__ 4. Days sales in accounts receivable = 360 Days Accounts Receivable Turnover____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 5. Asset turnover = Net Sales Total Assets____________________ Comments: Prepared by Date Approved by Date

U.s. Federal Government Reform - 1886 Words

Introduction As the United States enters another presidential election year in 2016, the subject of tax reform has taken central stage to many of the issues being discussed. Today, many Democratic lawmakers continue to support rising tax rates under the current progressive tax system, while Republican lawmakers are making a push for a flat-tax system. As concerns over slow economic growth, high unemployment rates, and large government spending deficits grow among millions of Americans, the idea of a Eastern European modeled flat-tax system has grown. Some presidents, including Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush, have experimented with the flat-tax system, but Eastern Europe has provided the essential model of success for this type of†¦show more content†¦Historically, the flat-rate tax system has been popular throughout many Eastern European countries, and has recently become a topic of discussion in the United States. The growing popularity of a Flat-Tax System Stanford Professors Robert Hall and Alvin Rabushka initially established the concept of the flat tax system in December of 1981, under what they called a â€Å"postcard† tax in an article for The Wall Street Journal. In 1985, both Hall and Rabushka wrote The Flat Tax that was regarded as â€Å"The Flat-Tax Bible† by billionaire Steve Forbes. According to Andrei Grecu, â€Å"the proposal achieves simplicity, economic efficiency, and fairness- the traditional measures of effective taxation- while also collecting the revenues required to finance the government† (Grecu, 2004, pg. 10). The support for the flat-tax rate system grew amongst Republican lawmakers throughout the 1980s under the office of President Ronald Reagan, and continues to be supported by Republicans as an alternative to the current progressive tax system in place today. In addition, multiple Eastern European countries began adapting the concept in the late 20th/early 21st century. The flat rate tax system initially gained support in Eastern Europe at the end of the Cold War

Dttls - Behaviour Management a Reflective Practice

Behaviour Management: A Reflective practice Looking at behaviour management within the classroom has shown that there are many academic theories. These include Geoff Petty, Susan Wallace and Dave Vizzard to name a few. By using these theorists books and additional internet sources it will give me the opportunity to review my own practice, ways to adapt my practice and ways to set ground rules for behaviour. During teacher training sessions and from reading and researching the subject it is clear that it is not easy to manage a classroom full of students. In fact, many factors need to be taken into account when planning strategies to be used. By being pro-active, looking, and analyzing our own practice, it should give us a better†¦show more content†¦One of the best things about this method is that it is easy to apply as a behaviour strategy and it can be differentiated throughout a group. To expand this method it could be encouraged to make it more formal by incorporating a physical graphic representation within the teaching environment e.g. a wall chart showing progression, this method is explained by Vizzard (2007 p44). This will then support student’s improvement and show good practice throughout. The second preferred method is peer pressure. Wallace (2007 p86) states, â€Å"the use of peer pressure to establish quiet will usually be more effective than the teacher trying to impose it on their own† This has worked very well in the past. Peer pressure does not just need to be used as a negative method of behaviour management. We can look at other peer based management methods. Peer assessment can be used as a positive management technique within a workshop for example. Having students critique each other’s practical work can be a very interesting experience. As long as the guidelines are set regarding how they assess the work and it is fair for all to do so, peer-assessing works phenomenally well. A strategy by Biggs (cited by Petty, 2004 p461) has shown that peer assessment can encourage higher attainment. It should be then considered that student’s behaviour would be more positive which should lead to easier management of a group. Though peer